陈映芳当前中国城市的居住生活安全问题Chen Yingfang the safety of living in Chinese cities.docx

陈映芳当前中国城市的居住生活安全问题Chen Yingfang the safety of living in Chinese cities.docx

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陈映芳当前中国城市的居住生活安全问题ChenYingfangthesafetyoflivinginChinesecities

陈映芳当前中国城市的居住生活安全问题（ChenYingfangthesafetyoflivinginChinesecities）

ChenYingfang:

thecurrentresidentialsafetyissuesinChinesecities:

9pt

CurrentresidentialsafetyissuesinChinesecities

Chenyingfang

（speechattheInternationalSymposiumonhumansecurityandtheHarmoniousSociety:

ChinaandAsia）inJune21,2006,NankaiUniversity

1,aboutthesafetyofresidentiallife"

ThistopicisoneofthesubjectsIhavebeenworkingonalltheseyears.Itismainlyaboutthestudyoftherelationshipbetweentherenovationandrenewalofmoderncitiesandthereconstructionofresidents'lives.Thisissueisalsoaninternationalproblem,anditinvolvesmanyaspects.Ijustwanttotakethisopportunitytosortoutsomeoftheproblemstoday,andoneofthewords"thisquestionjustwiththemeetingisdirectlyrelatedtohumansecurity,fromwhichwecanextractanewproblem,thisisthelivingsecurity.

Inmyresearch,therearetwoconceptswhicharemoreimportant,oneistheconceptofJapanesesociology,thelifestructure".ThisconceptisnotseeninAmericanandEuropeanSociology,butitisaveryimportantareainsociology,especiallyinurbansociology.Thisconceptreferstothebasicelementsofhumanlife,suchastime,space,income,economy,family,socialrelationsandsoon.Humanlifeitselfismadeupoftheseelements.Itisanorganiccombinationofallkindsoffactors.Forexample,eachofuslivesinthecity,basicallyhasanode,whichbelongstotheelementsofthespatialstructure.Timeisalsoforallwalksoflifeandprofessions.Infact,theelementsoftimearedifferent.Inaddition,everyone'sincome,expensesandsoon,ofcourse,arealsoimportantelementsoflife.Theelementsareorganicallycombined.

Anotherconceptis"livability.".02years,theUnitedStateshasabookonurbanlife,mainlyonthisissue,istostudytheurbanlifeofdevelopingcountries,isaboutthehabitabilityofthecity.City,agoodcity,itshouldprovidegoodconditionsandenvironmentforpeople'slife,issuchaconcept.There'salotinvolvedhere.Thereasonwhywewillstudytheintroductionofthisconcept,becausenowwetalkaboutthecity,especiallythetransformationofthecity,leadingthetransformationbasicallyisinwith"live"thegovernmentisalsoanimportantreasonforthis,thetransformationofthecityistoimprovethelivingconditionsofthepeople".Thejustificationforthepresenturbanrenewalmovementisjustified.Butweshouldstudywhatkindofcityisreallylivablecity.

Withjustafewconcepts,people'slivinglifeinvolvesastructuralproblem,involvingavarietyoffactorssuchastimeandspace,occupation,leisure,thefamilylife,socialactivities,socialnetworkresidents,etc..Differentfromthesocialdimension,livinglifeinvolvespersonal,family,andcommunityindifferentlife,includingnowwesay"small"（themaincarrierofneighbourhood）,alsomayberelatedtotheregionalsociety.Differentkindsoflifeproblemsneedtobeconsideredfromdifferentdimensions.Livablecitiesshouldnotonlyprovidegoodlivingconditionsandprovideconvenientlivingcity,butalsoshouldbeabletomaintainthelivingstructureoftheresidentsoftheorganiccity.

2,therighttolive

Anotherkeytomyspeechtodayis"therighttolive."".Ifwetalkaboutthenarrowrighttolive,thenwecanmainlyinterpretitaslegalrights.Buthowcantherightsconferredbythestatelawbeimplementedbyeverycitizen?

Thisisstillaproblem.

Therightofhabitationinvolvestheownershipanduserightofland.InChina,theownershipofurbanlandisownedbythestate,andtheresidentshavetherighttouseit.Butnowtheexpansionofthecityinvolvesfarmersinthesuburbs.Therurallandinthesuburbsiscollectivelyowned,wherethereisalandownershipproblem,andtheownerofthelandandtheownershipofthehomesteadisthepeasant（collective）.

Inaddition,therighttohousingalsoincludespropertyrights,andmanyresidentsinthecityhavepropertyrights.Inaddition,therightofresidencealsoincludestherighttousethehouse.Manyresidentshavetherighttousethehouseasdeterminedbylaw.Thiskindofrightcanbeexchangedinthemarket.

Thatistosay,residents,andfarmersinthesuburbs,havesomanyrightstotheirproperty.Then,ourgovernmentintheurbantransformation,housingrelocationprocessishowtoimplementtheresidents'righttolive?

Nowwecanseesomeinstitutionalimplementation,suchaseconomiccompensation,monetarycompensation,orphysical（housing）compensation.Ofcourse,theurbanandruralareasaredifferent,andforurbanresidents,aspeople,theirownershipofstate-ownedlandisbasicallyempty,

Thedegreeofprotectionoftherighttouseisalsoverylimited,andthegovernmentcanrecovertherighttousethelandinthehandsoftheresidentsinaccordancewithitsownneeds.Then,inruralareas,theirhomesteadwillbereplaced,butinfact,thecollectiveownershipofthevillagenow,howtoimplementtheindividualrights,thisisstillaproblem.

Theprotectionofresidents'livingisrelatedtolandownershipatfirst.Inmostcountriesallovertheworld,thelandisprivate,whetheritisthecityorthecountry.China'surbanlandownershipproblem,inAsia,firstofall,unlikeJapanandSouthKorea,veryfewcomparable.Butapartfromthemainland,wehaveaHongkongtoreferto.Hongkong'surbanlandisalsoownedbythegovernment,notprivate.Undersuchasystem,theHousingAuthority,narrowsenseofhousingsecurity,thereisaproblem:

howtoprotecttheirhomesandneighborhoods?

Wecansee,Hongkonginresidentialpolicy,urbantransformationandresettlementissues,thepublicandthegovernment'soppositionisalsoverysharp.Butrelativelyspeaking,thesituationinthemainlandismoreprominent,becausethegovernmentismorepowerful.Yesterday,someonediscussedwithme,saying,"apartfromtheownershipofland,doyoustillhavepropertyownership?

"Butthereisapremise,thislandisthestate,andnowactually"state-ownedland"basicallybeconvertedinto"allgovernment",theinterestsoflandownedbythegovernment,thepublichasnorighttousethelandcanrestrictthegovernmentpower.Wereturnedtothecity49yearslater,sothepublicownershipofthecitywasverysmooth,becausethelandbelowyourhousewasnational.Thesameistruenow.Thegovernmentsaysthatbecauseofwhatconstructionneeds,theuseofthisland,andtheresidents,whetherornottheyhavepropertyrights,mustbemade.Thatistosay,thegovernmenthastherighttorecovertheresidentsofstate-ownedlanduserights（propertyownershipanduserightsatthesametimeitcanignorethecitizen's）,aslongasa"givingpublicwelfare"or"citydevelopmentneeds"reasonontheline.

Andourcountry'slandiscollectivelyowned.ThisisnotthesameasinHongkong.ThevillagerswholivedinHongkongwereprivatelyowned.Thehousesofthesepeoplewereprotected,andthegovernmentcouldnotjustdismantlethemanddrivethemtootherplaces.Bycontrast,theimplementationofcollectiveownershipoflandhasbecomeaprobleminthemainland.Werarelyseeasuccessfulexampleofvillagecollectiveprotectionoffarmers'landownership（thevillageintheSouth）partlyprotectstheinterestsofthevillagers'landandproperty.Inthisregard,somescholarsstressedthattheprotectionoftheinterestsoffarmersshouldconsidertheprivatizationoflandorthefreedomoflandtransfertofarmers.However,thepresentpeasantsdonothaveanylegalrighttothelandandthehouses.Theyhavecollectiveownershipoflandandtherighttousetheirownhomestead.Thekeyisthattheylackthemeansandtheactualpossibilitytoprotecttheirlegalrights.Thesameistrueofthecity,thepublichastherighttotheuseoflandinthelaw,butalsopropertyrightsortheuseofhousing,butitisdifficulttoprotect.

Therealquestioniswhetherthelegalrightsofthepeasantsandcitizenscanreallybeimplemented,ratherthanwhatspecificauthoritytheyhave.

3,thegeneralizedrighttoliveandthesafetyofresidentiallife

Today,Iwanttotalkabouttheissueofhousingrightsinabroadsense.Thisrelatestothethemeoftoday'smeeting,whichisthatitisasafetyissueinresidentiallife.Infact,itinvolvesthemaintenance,protection,development,therighttodevelopment,thefreedomofdevelopmentandthepossibilityofdevelopmentforeverycitizen,everycitizen,individualandfamily.Specificinstitutionalaspectsofhousingsecurity,housingbenefits,aswellasIsaidthecitylivable.

Inadditiontothecityofcity,therearecommunity,orneedtousetheconceptofneighborhood.Theestablishmentoflivablecities,communitiesandresidentialareasinvolvestheproblemsofurbanplanningandcommunityplanning.Includingpublicfacilitiesplanning,resourceallocation,trafficconstructionandsoon,isaseriesofproblems.Inaddition,italsoinvolvestheenvironment,theenvironmentshouldbeaveryimportanttopicofurbansocialresearch,speakingofbroadsenseofhousingrights,theseshouldbeincorporatedintotheurbansocialsystem.

AlargebackgroundofhousingsecurityissuesisaphenomenonChinesecitywithmanycountriesofthecityhasbeenveryalike,thecity'seconomicdevelopmentandrealestatedevelopment,landdevelopmentandeconomicbenefitshangtogether,cityeconomicdevelopmentofrealestatehasbecomedependent.Landanditsrealestatebecomethemostimportantcommodityinthecity,themostimportantmanagementobjectofcapital,andalsobecomethemostimportantresourcesofthegove