研究生学术英语写作教程Unit 6 Discussing Results.docx
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研究生学术英语写作教程Unit6DiscussingResults
Unit6DiscussingResults
Objectives:
-Understandthediscussionsection
-Learnhowtopresentyourresults
-Learnhowtocompareyourresultswithothers
-Learnhowtointerpretyourresults
-Learnhowtoexpressopinionsinthediscussion
Contents:
-Readinganddiscussion:
asampleresultsection
-Languagefocus:
comparisonandcontrast;strengtheningorweakeningaclaim
-Signalwordsofcomparisonandcontrast
-Writingpractice:
writingcomparisonandcontrast,andwritingashortdiscussionsection
-Classroomextension:
writingaresultsectionforaclassroomexperiment.
1.ReadingActivity
1.1Pre-readingTask
Theresultssectionpresentsyourresearchfindings,andthediscussionsectionisananalysisofthosefindings.Youmayincludeadiscussionsectionattheendofyourresultssectiontoexplainandcontemplatetheresults.Thediscussioncaneitherbeapartoftheresultssectionoraseparatesectionofitsown,whichshouldbeinlinewiththepracticeofyourtargetjournal.Sometimes,theresults,discussionandconclusionsectionsarecombinedinjournalarticles.Mostarticlesdonotcontainallthreesections.
Thefunctionofthediscussionpartistointerpretyourresultsinlightofwhathasalreadybeenknownaboutthesubjectoftheinvestigation,andtoexplainournewunderstandingoftheproblemaftertakingyourresultsintoconsideration.TheDiscussionwillalwaysbeconnectedtotheIntroductionbywayofthequestion(s)orposedhypothesesandcitedliterature,butitdoesnotsimplyrepeatorrearrangetheIntroduction.Instead,ittellshowyourstudyhasmovedusforwardfromtheplaceyouleaveusattheendoftheIntroduction.
Beforereadingthefollowingsamplediscussionsection,thinkaboutthefollowingquestions:
Howmanyelementsdoesadiscussionsectioninclude?
Whatdothoseelementsfunction?
Whatexpressionsaretypicalinwritingadiscussionsection?
1.2ReadingPassage
Inthislarge,prospectiveinvestigationofredandprocessedmeatintakeinrelationtocancerrisk,wefoundelevatedrisksforcolorectalandlungcancerwithbothmeattypes.Red,butnotprocessed,meatintakewasalsoassociatedwithincreasedriskforcanceroftheesophagusandliver.Weobservedborderlinestatisticallysignificantelevatedrisksforadvancedprostatecancerwithbothredandprocessedmeatintake,forlaryngealcancerwithredmeat,andforbladdercancerandmyelomaandwithprocessedmeatintake.
Thecancersitemostconsistentlyassociatedwithmeatintakehasbeenthecolorectum.Arecentmeta-analysisreportedelevatedrisksinthehighestcategoryofconsumptionofmeat.Ourstudyincluded1,000colorectalcancercases,anditlendsstrongsupporttoimplicateredandprocessedmeatasriskfactorsforthismalignancy.Consistentwithpreviousstudies,weobservedastrongerpositiveassociationforrectalthancoloncancer.
Wefoundapositiveassociationbetweenredmeatintakespecificallyandcancersoftheesophagusandliver,andaborderlinesignificantpositiveassociationforlaryngealcancer.Thefirstprospectivestudyofmeatintakeandesophagealcancerwaspublishedrecently;thatstudyhadonly65casesandfoundapositiveassociationforprocessedmeat,butnotredmeat,withesophagealadenocarcinoma.Ourstudysuggestsathresholdeffectforredmeatintakeonesophagealcancerrisk,beginningatalowlevelofintake,withnofurtherincreaseinriskwithhigherintakes,asreflectedinthep-trend(p=0.13),althoughitispossiblethatthereferentgrouphadasmaller-than-expectedcancerincidencebychance.Dataonmeatintakeandcancersoftheliverandlarynxarelimited,andourstudyisthefirstprospectiveinvestigationtoreportontheseassociations.Twocase-controlstudiesreportedelevatedrisksforlaryngealcancerforthoseinthehighestintakecategoriesofredmeatintakeandfriedbeef/veal.
Unexpectedly,wefoundaninverseassociationbetweenredmeatintakeandendometrialcancer;thisassociationwasnotattenuatedbyadjustmentforknownriskfactors,suchasbodymassindexormenopausalhormonetherapy,orbyfinecontrolforsmoking,whichhasbeeninverselyassociatedwiththismalignancy.Previousstudieshavereportednullorpositiverelationsbetweenredmeatandendometrialcancer.Wealsoobservedinverseassociationsbetweenprocessedmeatintakeandleukemiaandmelanoma.Incontrasttoourfindings,childhoodleukemiahasbeenpositivelyassociatedwithintakeofprocessedmeatsinacase-controlstudy.
Previousstudiesofmeatintakeandprostatecancerareconflicting.Somestudieshavereportednullfindings,andotherssuggestpositiveassociations.Despitefindingnoassociationbetweenredorprocessedmeatintakeandoverallprostatecancerrisk,weobservedasuggestionofanelevatedriskforadvancedprostatecancerwithbothmeattypes.Iftherelationofmeatintaketoprostatecancerisconfinedtoadvanceddisease,thiscouldexplainsomeoftheinconsistenciesintheliteratureasmostpreviousstudieshavenotspecificallyaddressedadvancedprostatecancer.
Withregardtobreastcancer,apooledanalysisofeightcohortstudiesfoundnoassociationwithredmeatintake;however,thetwomostrecentprospectivestudiesfoundpositiveassociationsforbothredandprocessedmeat,specificallyforestrogenandprogesteronereceptor–positivebreastcancersinpremenopausalwomen.Althoughbreastcancerriskrelatedtomeatintakedidnotappeartodifferbymenopausalstatusinourstudy,wehadveryfewpremenopausalcases(n=94)andlackedinformationonhormonereceptorstatusforalargenumberofcases.
Bothredmeat,regardlessofprocessingprocedure,andprocessedmeatcanbelinkedtocarcinogenesisbydifferentmechanisms;forexample,theyarebothsourcesofsaturatedfatandiron,whichhaveindependentlybeenassociatedwithcarcinogenesis.Associationsbetweensaturatedfatandcancerarelikelytoberelatedtoenergybalanceingeneral,whereasironisthoughttocontributetocarcinogenesisspecificallybygeneratingfreeradicalsandinducingoxidativestress.Mostrecently,dietaryfatwaspositivelyassociatedwithbreastcancer,andironintakewaspositivelyassociatedwithliverandcolorectalcancers.
Thisstudywasprimarilylimitedbyitsrelativelysmallsamplesize.Anearlierstartindatacollectionwouldhaveincreasedthetimeneededtosurveymoreparticipants.Ideally,thenumberofparticipantwouldhavebeenmoreevenlydistributedacrossgender/yearinpopulation.Alargersamplewithdiversitywouldhavebenefitedourresults.Otherlimitationsofthisstudyincludedsomedegreeofpossiblemeasurementerrors,althoughweattemptedatminimizingtheerrorinmeasurementandthemeasurementdatacomparedveryfavorablytootherresearches.
Inconclusion,adiethighinredorprocessedmeatwasassociatedwithanelevatedriskofbothcolorectalandlungcancer;inaddition,redmeatwasassociatedwithanelevatedriskofesophagealandlivercancer.Adecreaseintheconsumptionofredandprocessedmeatcouldreducetheincidenceofcanceratmultiplesites.
1.3ReadingComprehension
1.3.1Whataretheresultsdiscussed?
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1.3.2Decidehowmanyelementsthissampleincludesandhowtheyfunction.
Elements
Functions
2LanguageFocus
2.1Causeandeffect
2.1.1Readthefollowingsentencefromthetext,andseethecausalrelations.
Associationsbetweensaturatedfatandcancerarelikelytoberelatedtoenergybalanceingeneral,whereasironisthoughttocontributetocarcinogenesisspecificallybygeneratingfreeradicalsandinducingoxidativestress.
Effect
Cause
2.1.2Usingsignalwordsforcausalrelations.
Emphasisingcause
Thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing
because
owingtothefactthat
peoplearesmokingmore.
Thefactthat
thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing
isdueto
maybedueto
peoplesmokingmore.
The
One
reasonfor
causeof
thedeathratefromcancerincreasing
isthat
couldbethat
peoplearesmokingmore.
Anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer
is
maybe
oneeffectof
oneresultof
oneconsequenceof
causedby
dueto
becauseof
peoplesmokingmore.
resultsfrom
arisesfrom
Emphasisingeffect
Peoplearesmokingmore.
Therefore,
So,
Thus,
Hence,
Consequently,
Becauseofthis,
Forthisreason,
Asaconsequence,
Asaresult,
thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.
Peoplearesmokingmore,
asaresultofwhich
asaconsequenceofwhich
withtheresultthat
Owingto
peoplesmokingmore,
thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.
One
The
effectof
resultof
consequenceof
peoplesmokingmore
isthat
thedeathratefromcancerisincreasing.
isto
increasethedeathratefromcancer.
Peoplesmokingmore
resultsin
leadsto
produces
causes
isthecauseof
givesriseto
bringsabout
anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer.
Peoplesmokemore,
(so)
(thus)
(thereby)
resultingin
leadingto
producing
causing
givingriseto
bringingabout
anincreaseinthedeathratefromcancer.
If
peoplesmokemore,
thedeathratefromcancerwillincrease.
Additionally,youshouldbecarefulwhenusingcommas.Conjunctionssuchastherefore,consequently,asaresult,andforthisreasonareusuallyfollowedbyacomma,asintheseexamples:
Theweatherwascold; therefore,Sallyclosedthewindow.
Theweatherwascold. Therefore,Sallyputonhercoat.
Theweatherwascold. Consequently,Sallyputonherscarf.
Ablizzardhitthetown. Asaresult,theschoolswereclosed.
2.1.3Causalmarkers
Compl