医学英语.docx

医学英语.docx

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医学英语

Unitone

1.jar:

Withouttheskeletalsystem,theslightestjartothebodywoulddamagetheinternalorgans.

2.cranial

3.vertebra:

Avertebra（plural:

vertebrae）isanindividualirregularboneinthespinalorvertebralcolumn（akaischis）,aflexuousandflexiblecolumnthatisadefiningcharacteristicofvertebrateanimals.Therearenormallythirty-three（33）vertebraeinhumans,includingthefivethatarefusedtoformthesacrum（骶骨）（theothersareseparatedbyintervertebraldiscs）andthefourcoccygealbones（尾骨）whichformthetailbone.Theupperthreeregionscomprisetheremaining24,andaregroupedunderthenamescervical（7vertebrae）,thoracic（12vertebrae）andlumbar（腰）（5vertebrae）,accordingtotheregionstheyoccupy.

4.phosphorus:

Thebonesstoreminerals.Theprincipalstoredmineralsarecalciumandphosphorus.

Calci-phosph-

5.hematopoiesis:

Haematopoiesis（fromAncientGreek:

haimablood;poiesistomake）（orhematopoiesisintheUnitedStates;sometimesalsohaemopoiesisorhemopoiesis）istheformationofbloodcellularcomponents.

6.platelet:

Platelets,orthrombocytes,arethecellscirculatinginthebloodthatareinvolvedinthecellularmechanismsofprimaryhemostasisleadingtotheformationofbloodclots.Boththrombocytopenia（orthrombopenia）andthrombocytosismaypresentwithcoagulationproblems.Generally,lowplateletcountsincreasebleedingrisksandthrombocytosis（highcounts）mayleadtothrombosis.

7.diaphysis,epiphysis:

Thediaphysisisthemainormidsection（shaft）ofalongbone.Epiphysisisthenameforaroundedendofalongbone.

8.metacarpal:

Thermetacarpusistheintermediatepartofthehandskeletonthatislocatedbetweenthephalanges（bonesofthefingers）distallyandthecarpuswhichformstheconnectiontotheforearm.Themetacarpusconsistsofmetacarpalbones.

9.metatarsal:

Themetatarsusconsistsofthefivelongbonesofthefoot,

10.phalanx:

bonesofthefingersandtoes.femus;

11.Thefemuristhethigh（大腿）bone.Inhumans,itisthelongest,mostvoluminous,andstrongestbone.Itformspartofthehipandpartoftheknee.ThewordfemurisLatinforthigh.

12.spongy;1:

 resemblingasponge:

a:

 softandfullofcavitiesb:

 elastic,porous,andabsorbent.Therearetwotypesofbonetissue:

compactandspongy.Spongy（cancellous）boneislighterandlessdensethancompactbone.

13.sternum:

Thesternum（fromGreekστέρνον,sternon,"chest"orbreastbone）isalong,flatbonelocatedinthecenterofthethorax（chest）.Itconnectstotheribbonesviacartilage,formingtheribcagewiththem,andthushelpstoprotectthelungs,heartandmajorbloodvesselsfromphysicaltrauma.Thesternumissometimescutopen（amediansternotomy）togainaccesstothethoraciccontentswhenperformingcardiothoracicsurgery.

14.Thescapulaformstheposteriorpartoftheshouldergirdle.（肩带）

15.Wormianbone-anyofthetinysoftbonesfoundinthesuturesbetweencranialbones

16.Asesamoidisaboneembedded（埋burry）inatendon.Sesamoidsarefoundinseveraljointsinthebody.Inanatomy,asesamoidboneisaboneembeddedwithinatendon.Theyusuallyresemblesesame芝麻seed,hencethename.Sesamoidbonesaretypicallyfoundinlocationswhereatendonpassesoverajoint,suchasthehand,knee,andfoot.Functionally,theyacttoprotectthetendonandtoincreaseitsmechanicaleffect.

17.Atendon（orsinew）isatoughbandoffibrousconnectivetissuethatusuallyconnectsmuscletobone[1]andiscapableofwithstandingtension.Tendonsaresimilartoligamentsexceptthatligamentsjoinonebonetoanother.Tendonsandmusclesworktogetherandcanonlyexertapullingforce.

18.Atendonisastructurethatconnectsmuscletobone.Tendonsarecommonlyinflamedisaconditioncalledtendonitis.

19.Thepatellaorkneecapisathick,triangularbonewhicharticulateswiththefemurandcoversandprotectsthekneejoint.Itisthelargestsesamoidboneinthehumanbody.

20.Ossificationistheprocessofboneformation,inwhichconnectivetissues,suchascartilageareturnedtoboneorbone-liketissue.Thebloodvesselsbringmineralslikecalciumanddeposititintheossifyingtissue.Boneformationisadynamicprocess,withcellscalledosteoblastsdepositingminerals,andosteoclastsremovingbone.[1]Thisprocess,termedboneremodelingcontinuesthroughoutlife.[2]

21.Metabolismisthesetofchemicalreactionsthatoccurinlivingorganismsinordertomaintainlife.Theseprocessesalloworganismstogrowandreproduce,maintaintheirstructures,andrespondtotheirenvironments.Metabolismisusuallydividedintotwocategories.Catabolism分解breaksdownlargemolecules,forexampletoharvestenergyincellularrespiration.Anabolism,合成ontheotherhand,usesenergytoconstructcomponentsofcellssuchasproteinsandnucleicacids.metabolically:

Of,relatingto,orresultingfrommetabolism

22.Aboneisnevermetabolicallyatrest.Itconstantlyremodelsandreappropriatesitsmatrix.

23.bonematrix:

Theintercellularsubstanceofbonetissueconsistingofcollagenfibers,groundsubstance,andinorganicbonesalts.

24.distal/proximal:

proximal

25.shaft:

themainbodyorthetrunk

26.clot:

tocoagulate.Bloodclot（thrombus）istheresultofcoagulationofblood.

27.osteoclast:

Anosteoclast（fromtheGreekwordsfor"bone"and"broken"）isatypeofbonecellthatremovesbonetissuebyremovingitsmineralizedmatrix.Thisprocessisknownasboneresorption.

28.osteoblast:

Anosteoblast（fromtheGreekwordsfor"bone"and"germ"orembryonic）isamononucleatecellthatisresponsibleforboneformation.Boneisadynamictissuethatisconstantlybeingreshapedbyosteoblasts,whichbuildbone,andosteoclasts,whichresorbbone

29.homeostasis:

Homeostasis（fromGreek:

ὅμος,hómos,"equal";andιστημι,istēmi,"tostand"lit."tostandequally"）isthepropertyofeitheranopensystemoraclosedsystem,especiallyalivingorganism,thatregulatesitsinternalenvironmentsoastomaintainastable,constantcondition.Multipledynamicequilibriumadjustmentsandregulationmechanismsmakehomeostasispossible.

30.bonespur:

Abonespur（osteophyte）isabonygrowthformedonnormalbone.Mostpeoplethinkofsomethingsharpwhentheythinkofaspur,?

butabonespurisjustextrabone.It'susuallysmooth,butitcancausewearandtearorpainifitpressesorrubsonotherbonesorsofttissuessuchasligamentsortendonsinthebody.Commonplacesforbonespursincludethespine,shoulders,hands,hips,knees,andfeet.

31.Paget'sdiseaseisachronicbonedisorderthatisduetoirregularbreakdownandformationofbonetissue.Paget'sdiseasecancausebonestoexpandandweakenandmayresultinbonepain,arthritis,bonedeformityandfractures.Itisusuallylocalizedtoonebonebutcaninvolvemanybones.TheactualcauseofPaget'sdiseaseisnotknown.Paget'sdiseaseisalsoknownasosteitisdeformans.

32.phagocytose:

Toperformphagocytosis,denotingtheactionofphagocyticcells.Synonym:

phagocytise.

33.gastrointestinaltract:

Thedigestivetract（alsoknownasthealimentarycanal）isthesystemoforganswithinmulticellularanimalsthattakesinfood,digestsittoextractenergyandnutrients,andexpelstheremainingwaste.ThemajorfunctionsoftheGItractareingestion,digestion,absorption,anddefecation.

34.Growthhormone（GH）isaproteinhormonesecretedbythepituitaryglandwhichstimulatesgrowthandcellreproduction.

35.Thepituitarygland,orhypophysis,isanendocrineglandlocatedatthebaseofthebrain.Thepituitaryglandsecreteshormonesregulatinghomeostasis.Acromegaly（inadult）andgigantism（inchildren）arehormonaldisorderthatresultswhenthepituitaryglandproducesexcesshumangrowthhormone.Dwarfism,pituitary:

Dwarfismcausedbyalackofgrowthhormone,usuallyduetomalfunctionofthepituitarygland.Childrenwithgrowthhormonedeficiencymaygrownormallyforthefirsttwotothreeyearsoflifebuttheythenfallbehindtheirpeersinheight.

36.Calcitoninisahormoneknowntoparticipateincalciumandphosphorusmetabolism.

37.Thethyroidisoneofthelargestendocrineglandsinthebody.Thisglandisfoundintheneckinferiorto（below）thethyroidcartilage（alsoknownastheAdam'sappleinmen）.Thethyroidcontrolshowquicklythebodyburnsenergy,makesproteins,andhowsensitivethebodyshouldbetootherhormones.Thethyroidparticipatesintheseprocessesbyproducingthyroidhormones,Thesehormonesregulatetherateofmetabolismandaffectthegrowthandrateoffunctionofmanyothersystemsinthebody.Thethyroidalsoproducesthehormonecalcitonin,whichplaysaroleincalciumhomeostasis.Thethyroidiscontrolledbythehypothalamusandpituitary.TheglandgetsitsnamefromtheGreekwordfor"door",aftertheshapeoftherelatedthyroidcartilage.Hyperthyroidism（overactivethyroid）andhypothyroidism（unde