IGCSE经济学课件英文版.ppt

IGCSE经济学课件英文版.ppt

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IGCSE/OLevelEconomics,1.1Thebasiceconomicproblem,S1,Factorsofproduction,Naturalresources=landMan-maderesources=capitalHumanskillsandeffort=labourBusinessknow-how=enterprise,Production,Usinginputs（resources）tomakeoutputs（goodsandservices）tosatisfytheneedsandwantsofconsumers,Consumption,Usingupgoodsandservices（products）tosatisfyconsumersneedsandwants,Thebasiceconomicproblem,Humanwantsareunlimitedbutresourcesarescarce,So,weallhavetomakechoices,Thereisalimitedamountofresourcessuchasrawmaterials,machines,factoriesandskilledworkers.Butthereareanumberofdifferentwaysinwhichtheycanbeused.,Resourceallocationthereforeinvolvesdecidinghowbesttousescarceresourcestosatisfyasmanyneedsandwantsaspossible,CHOICE,CHOICE,Choice,Similarly,peopleandgovernmentsonlyhavealimitedamountofmoneybuthavemanyneedsandwantstosatisfy,$100,Food?

Entertainment?

Clothing?

Defence?

Healthcare?

Roads?

$100bn,Opportunitycost,OpportunitycostisthecostofchoiceWhatwouldyoubuywithUS$10?

HowshouldthegovernmentspendUS$250million?

（Or,shouldthegovernmentcuttaxesbyUS$250million?

）Whatoccupationwillyouchoosewhenyoufinishyourstudies?

HowshouldanewbusinessinvestUS$20million?

Shouldweconservemorenaturalresources?

andwhatarethenextbestalternativesforegone?

Productionpossibilitycurves,AfirmproducingcarsandtrucksWhatistheopportunitycostofproducing20moretrucks?

AneconomyproducingconsumergoodsandcapitalgoodsWhatistheopportunitycostofproducing15moretonnesofconsumergoods?

Productionpossibilitycurves,Productionpossibilitycurves,Productionpossibilitycurves（PPCs）showthemaximumcombinedoutputoftwoormoreproductsafirmoranentireeconomycanproducewithitsavailableresourcesResourcesarebeingusedefficientlyiftheyareproducingtheirmaximumoutputBut,becauseresourcesarelimited,producingmoreofoneproductmeansproducinglessofanotherPPCsarethereforeausefulwayofshowingtheopportunitycostofproducingmoreofoneproductintermsofhowmuchofanothermustbegivenup,IGCSE/OLevelEconomics,2.1Economicsystems,S2,Resourceallocation,Becauseproductiveresourcesarescarcerelativetohumanwantswemustdecide:

Economicsystems,Whoinaneconomydecideswhatgoodsandservicestoproduce,howtoproducethemandwhotoproducethemfor,andhowarethesedecisionsaremade?

Economicsystems,ChinaCuba,NorthKorea,DenmarkFranceItalySwedenUKManydevelopedeconomies,ArgentinaMauritiusNepalParaguay,BahamasSingapore,Themarketeconomicsystem,Privatesectorproducers,Consumers,Goodsandservices,Money,Production,Exchange,Consumption,Inafreemarketeconomicsystemalldecisionsaretakenbyprivatesectororganizationsandindividuals.Thereislittleornoroleforgovernmentorapublicsectorandthereforelittleornotaxationorpublicspending.,Thepricemechanism,Amarketisanysetofarrangementsthatbringstogetheralltheproducersandconsumersofagoodorservicesothattheycanengageinexchange.,Privatefirmsproducegoodsandservicestomaximizetheirprofits,Consumersconsumegoodsandservicestomaximizetheirutility（satisfaction）,Asconsumerdemandforaproductrises,Productionbecomesmoreprofitable,soproducersincreaseoutput,Productionbecomeslessprofitable,soproducersreduceoutput,Marketpriceandquantitytraded,MARKETPRICERISES,MARKETPRICEFALLS,Asconsumerdemandforaproductfalls,Whatsgoodaboutthemarketsystem?

AwidevarietyofgoodsandserviceswillbeproducedtosatisfyconsumerwantsFirmsrespondquicklytochangesinconsumerwantsandspendingpatternsTheprofitmotiveoffirmsencouragesthemtodevelopnewproductsandusethemostefficientmethodsofproductionTherearenotaxes,Profitscanbeincreasedbyincreasingsalesand/orreducingcostsofproduction,Ifconsumerdemandisrising,priceswillriseandproductionbecomesmoreprofitable.Entrepreneurswillallocateresourcestotheirmostprofitableuses,Thereisnopublicsectorinatotallyfreemarketeconomicsystem,Howthemarketsystemcanfail,Marketfailure:

whenfreemarketsfailtoproducegoodsandservicesthatareworthwhileorwhenthedecisionsofproducersorconsumersresultinwastefulorharmfulactivities,NATIONALPARK,Howthemarketsystemcanfail,Marketfailure:

whenfreemarketsfailtoproducegoodsandservicesthatareworthwhileorwhenthedecisionsofproducersorconsumersresultinwastefulorharmfulactivities,Themixedeconomicsystem,Inamixedeconomyagovernmentcaninterveneindifferentmarketsinanattempttocorrecttheworstmarketfailures:

ItcanprovideusefulandessentialgoodsandservicesItcanprovidegoodsandservicesforpeopleinthegreatestneedItcanemploypeopleinpublicsectororganizationsandprovidefinancialsupporttoprivatesectorfirmstoboostoutputandemploymentI