不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx

不定式THE INFINITIVE.docx

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不定式THEINFINITIVE

THEINFINITIVE

1.Form

Theinfinitiveisthebaseformofaverb.Itmaybeprecededby'to'（the to-infinitive） orstandalone（the baseorzeroinfinitive）.

2.Infinitivewithorwithout'to'

Theto-infinitiveisused:

∙aftercertainverbs.e.g. want,wish,agree,fail,mean,decide,learn

∙aftertheauxiliaries tobeto, tohaveto,and oughtto

∙inthepattern'itis+adjective+ to-infinitive'

Examples

with'to'

∙Theelephant decided tomarry themouse

∙Themouse agreed tomarry theelephant

∙You willhave toask her

∙You are toleave immediately

∙He ought torelax

∙She has togo toBerlinnextweek

∙It'seasy tospeak English

∙Itishard tochange jobsaftertwentyyears

∙It'sstupid tobelieve everythingyouhear

without'to'

∙I wouldrather visit Rome.

∙She wouldrather live inItaly.

∙Wouldyourather eat steakorfish?

∙He wouldrather work inabank.

∙I'drather be aforestthanatree.

THEZEROINFINITIVE

Thezeroinfinitiveisused:

1.aftermostauxiliaries （e.g. must, can, should, may, might）

2.afterverbsofperception,（e.g. see, hear, feel） withthepattern verb+object+zeroinfinitive

3.aftertheverbs 'make' and 'let',withthepattern make/let+object+zeroinfinitive

4.aftertheexpression 'hadbetter'

5.aftertheexpression 'wouldrather' whenreferringtothespeaker's own actions

Examples:

Afterauxiliaries:

∙She can't speak toyou.

∙He should give hersomemoney.

∙Shall I talk tohim?

∙Would you like acupofcoffee?

∙I might stay anothernightinthehotel.

∙They must leave before10.00a.m.

Afterverbsofperception:

∙He saw her fall fromthecliff.

∙We heard them close thedoor.

∙They saw us walk towardthelake.

∙She felt thespider crawl upherleg.

Aftertheverbs'make'and'let':

∙Herparents let her stay outlate.

∙Let's go tothecinematonight.

∙You made me love you.

∙Don't make me study thatboringgrammarbook!

NOTICE thatthe 'to-infinitive' isusedwhen 'make' isinthepassivevoice:

∙I ammadetosweep theflooreveryday.

∙She wasmadetoeat fisheventhoughshehatedit.

After'hadbetter':

∙We hadbetter take somewarmclothing.

∙She hadbetter ask himnottocome.

∙You'dbetter not smile atacrocodile!

∙We hadbetter reserve aroominthehotel.

∙You'dbetter give meyouraddress.

∙They hadbetter work harder ontheirgrammar!

After 'wouldrather':

Note:

thisis ONLY whenreferringtothespeaker'sownactions-see 'wouldrather' insectionon Unrealpast.

THEINFINITIVE

NEGATIVEINFINITIVE

Toformthenegativeinfinitive,place not beforethe to- or zeroinfinitive:

e.g. nottoworry:

It'shard nottoworry aboutexams.

Examples

∙Idecided nottogo toLondon.

∙Heaskedme nottobe late.

∙Elephantsought nottomarry mice.

∙You'dbetter notsmile atthecrocodile.

∙I'drather noteat meat.

THEINFINITIVE

INFINITIVEAFTERQUESTIONWORDS

Theseverbs:

 ask, decide, explain, forget, know, show, tell, understand, canbefollowedbyaquestionwordsuchas where, how, what, who, when or 'whether' +the'to-infinitive'.

Examples

∙Sheaskedme how tousethewashingmachine.

∙Doyouunderstand what todo?

∙Tellme when topressthebutton.

∙I'veforgotten where toputthislittlescrew.

∙Ican'tdecide whether towearthereddressortheblackone.

Thequestionword Why isfollowedbythe zeroinfinitive insuggestions:

Examples

∙Whywait untiltomorrow?

∙Whynotask himnow?

∙Whywalk whenwecangointhecar?

∙Whynotbuy anewbedforyourbedroom?

∙Whyleave beforetheendofthegame?

∙Whynotspend aweekinBeirutandaweekinBaghdad?

THEINFINITIVE

FUNCTION

Themostcommonusesoftheinfinitiveare:

Toindicatethepurposeorintentionofanaction（wherethe 'to' hasthesamemeaningas 'inorderto' or 'soasto'）:

∙She'sgonetocollectherpaycheque.

∙Thethreebearswentintotheforesttofindfirewood.

Asthesubjectofthesentence:

∙Tobeornottobe,thatisthequestion.

∙Toknowheristoloveher.

（Note:

thisismorecommoninwrittenEnglishthanspoken）

Withnounsorpronouns,toindicatewhatsomethingcanbeusedfor,orwhatistobedonewithit:

∙Wouldyoulikesomethingtodrink?

∙Ihaven'tanythingtowear.

∙Thechildrenneedagardentoplayin.

Afteradjectivesinthesepatterns:

∙Itis+adjective+to-infinitive

Itisgoodtotalk

∙Itis+adjective+infinitive+forsomeone+to-infinitive.

Itishardforelephantstoseemice

∙Itis+adjective+infintive+ofsomeone+to-infinitive.

Itisunkindofhertosaythat.

Afteranadjective+nounwhenacommentorjudgementisbeingmade:

∙Itwasastupidplacetoparkthecar.

∙Thisistherightthingtodo.

∙Itwasanastonishingwaytobehave.

Withtooandenoughinthesepatterns:

toomuch/many（+noun）+to-infinitive

∙There'stoomuchsugartoputinthisbowl.

∙Ihadtoomanybookstocarry.

too+adjective+to-infinitive

∙Thissoupistoohottoeat.

∙Shewastootiredtowork.

too+adverb+to-infinitive

∙Hearrivedtoolatetoseetheactors.

enough（+noun）+to-infinitive

∙I'vehadenough（food）toeat.

adjective+enough+to-infinitive

∙She'soldenoughtomakeupherownmind.

notenough（+noun）+to-infinitive

∙Thereisn'tenoughsnowtoskion.

not+adjective+enough+to-infinitive

∙You'renotoldenoughtohavegrand-children!

THEINFINITIVE

OTHERFORMS

Theinfinitivecanhavethefollowingforms:

∙Theperfectinfinitive

∙Thecontinuousinfinitive

∙Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive

∙Thepassiveinfinitive

NOTE:

 aswiththepresentinfinitive,therearesituationswherethe to isomitted,e.g.aftermostmodalauxiliaries.

Theperfectinfinitive:

tohave+pastparticiple,e.g.tohavebroken,tohaveseen,tohavesaved.

ThisformismostcommonlyfoundinType3conditionalsentences,usingtheconditionalperfect,e.g.IfIhadknownyouwerecomingIwouldhavebakedacake.

Examples

∙Someonemusthavebrokenthewindowandclimbedin.

∙IwouldliketohaveseentheTajMahalwhenIwasinIndia.

∙Hepretendedtohaveseenthefilm.

∙IfI'dseentheballIwouldhavecaughtit.

Thecontinuousinfinitive:

tobe+presentparticiple,e.g.tobeswimming,tobejoking,tobewaiting

Examples

∙I'dreallyliketobeswimminginanicecoolpoolrightnow.

∙Youmustbejoking!

∙Ihappenedtobewaitingforthebuswhentheaccidenthappened.

Theperfectcontinuousinfinitive:

tohavebeen+presentparticiple

Examples

∙tohavebeencrying

∙tohavebeenwaiting

∙tohavebeenpainting 

∙Thewomanseemedtohavebeencrying.

∙Youmusthavebeenwaitingforhours!

∙Hepretendedtohavebeenpaintingallday.

Thepassiveinfinitive:

tobe+pastparticiple,e.g.tobegiven,tobeshut,tobeopened

Examples

∙Iamexpectingtobegivenapay-risenextmonth.

∙Thesedoorsshouldbeshut.

∙Thiswindowoughttobeopened.

THEINFINITIVE

VERBSNORMALLYFOLLOWEDBYTHEINFINITIVE

A. The to-infinitive isusedaftertheverbsinthisgroup, without aprecedingnoun.Theverbsmarked * canalsobefollowedbya 'that-clause'

Example:

VERB

TO-INFINITIVE

Ihope...

toseeyounextweek.

THAT-CLAUSE

Ihope...

thatI'llseeyounextweek

Listofverbsnormallyfollowedbytheinfinitive

afford

agree1

aim

appear1

arrange1

bother

care

claim1

condescend

consent

decide1

demand1

determine1

endeavour

fail

guarantee1

happen 1

hasten

have（=beobliged）

hesitate

hope1

learn

long

manage

offer

prepare

pretend1

proceed

promise1

propose

prove（=turnout）

refuseresolve1

seek

seem1

strive

swear1

tend

threaten1

trouble

undertake

volunteer

vow1

1 Theseverbscanonlybefollowedbya 'that-clause' whentheyhavethesubject 'it'. 

Example

∙Itappearedthatno-onehadlockedthedoor.

Examples:

∙Heclaimedtobeanexpert.

∙Imanagedtoreachthetopofthehill.

∙Iknowyou'reonlypretendingtoloveme!

∙Don'tpretendthatyouknowtheanswer.

∙Shefailedtoexplaintheproblemclearly.

∙Thecustomsmandemandedtosearchourluggage.

∙Ican'taffordtogoouttonight.

VERBSNORMALLYFOLLOWEDBYTHEINFINITIVE

B. Thesearethemostcommonoftheverbsthatarenormallyfollowedbyanoun+infinitive.Theverbsmarked * mayalsobefollowedbya 'that-clause'.

Example

VERB

NOUN

INFINITIVE

Hereminded

me

tobuysomeeggs.

THAT-CLAUSE

Hereminded

me

thatIhadtobuysomeeggs.

accustom

aid 

appoint

assist

cause

challenge

command*

defy

direct*

drive

empower

enable

encourage

entice

entitle

entreat

force

get

implore*

incite

induce

inspire

instruct*

invite

lead

leave（makesomeoneresponsible）

oblige

order*

persuade*

press

prompt

provoke

remind*

require*

stimulate

summon

teach

tell

tempt

trust*

warn*

Notes:

*command,direct,entreat,implore,order,require,trust:

thereisnonounbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':

∙Thegeneralcommandedhismentosurrender.

∙Thegeneralcommandedthathismenshouldsurrender.

persuadeandremind:

thereisalwaysanounbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':

∙Youcan'tpersuadepeopletobuysmallcars.

∙Youcan'tpersuadepeoplethatsmallcarsarebetter.

instruct,teach,warn:

thenounisoptionalbetweentheseverbsanda 'that-clause':

∙Shetaughtherstudentstoappreciatepoetry.

∙Shetaughtherstudentsthatpoetrywasvaluable.

∙Shetaughtthatpoetrywasvaluable.

Examples

∙Theprofessorchallengedhisstudentstoarguewithhistheory.

∙Thislawempowersthegovernmenttochargemoretaxes.

∙Youcan'tforcemetodosomethingIdon'tagreewith.

∙YouareobligedtodriveontheleftinEngland.

∙Iinvitedthenewstudenttohavedinnerwithme.

∙Whati