初中英语从句讲解.docx
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初中英语从句讲解
知识要点:
名词性从句包括:
主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。
引导名词性从句的连词有:
A.连词:
that,whether,if(这三个词都不作从句的成分,同时,that无含义,而whether和if都表“是否”)
B.疑问代词:
who,whom,whose,what,which
C.疑问副词:
when,where,why,how
(一)主语从句:
在复合句中充当主语的从句。
1.that引导主语从句
that引导主语从句时不同于其他的连词,既无词义也不作成分,只起单纯的连接作用,且通常不可以省。
为了强调that引导的主语从句而置之于句首时,that不可省。
①Thatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscarwas obvious.
②Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.
③Thathewillcomeiscertain.
④Thathewouldtaketheriskistrue.
⑤Thatheshouldhavemarriedherisn'tsurprising.
★通常,that引导主语从句时用it做形式主语,把从句置于句尾,此时that有时可省。
例如:
①Itwasobviousthatthedrivercouldnotcontrolhiscar.
②Itmadeusveryhappythatshewaschosen.
③Itiscertainthathewillcome.
④Itistruethathewouldtaketherisk.
⑤Itisn'tsurprising(that)heshouldhavemarriedher.
★如果以that从句为主语的句子是疑问句,就只能用先行词it结构。
例如:
①Isitcertainthathewillcome?
②Isittruethathewouldtaketherisk?
▲it做形式主语有以下几种不同的结构:
(1)It+be+形容词+that-从句
①Itislikelythathewillcome.
②Itisstrangethatshehasevertrustedhim.
③Itisimportantthathe(should)attendthemeeting.
④Itisbestthathe(should)go.
此句型在表示惊讶、喜悦、遗憾等感情色彩时,that从句中的谓语动词也常用(should)+v原形。
Itisstrangethatnooneshouldhave objected totheplan.
(2)It+be+名词+that-从句
Itiscommonknowledgethatthewhaleisnotafish.
It'sapitythatheshouldhavecatchedthetrain.
(3)It+be+-ed分词+that从句
Itissaidthatheisafamouswriter.
Itisreportedthattherewillbeastormthisafternoon.
▲在表示建议、要求、命令等意义的被动结构中,that从句中的谓语动词常用(should)do。
(参见虚拟语气部分)
Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beheldthisafternoon.
Itisdemandedthathe(should)leaveatonce.
(4)It+seem/happen/appear等不及物动词+that从句。
(look不接that从句,它接tobe结构或形容词)
Itseemsthatheiswrong.
Itappearsthattheyareinurgentneedofhelp.
Helooks(tobe)surprised/happy/sad.
2.whether引导主语从句,意为“是否”,只起连接作用,不充当任何成分。
(置于句首时必须用whether引导,置于句尾时,间或可用if。
)
Whetherhewillwinthegameisnotclear.
Whetherhewillcomeis uncertain.
Whethershecomesornotdoesn'tconcernme.
Itisnotclearwhether/ifhewillcome.
Itwasuncertainwhetherhewouldcome.
3.连词代词what,who,which,whose等引导的主语从句。
这些连接代词作用相当于代词,在从句中担当主语、宾语、表语、定语等。
Whatweneedismoretime.
Whowas responsible fortheaccidentisnotyetclear.
Whosebookitisnotimportant.
Whichschoolyouwanttogomattersmuch.
4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导的主语从句。
这些连接副词相当于副词,在从句中充当状语。
Whyhedidthisisnotknown.
Whenhewillcomeisstillunknown.
Itisnotknownwhyhedidthis.
Howhesucceededisunknowntous.
Whereweshouldholdthemeetingneedstobediscussed.
注意:
wh-引导的主语从句也常用it作形式主语。
5.也可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等词引导主语从句,表示“无论什么”、“无论谁”、“无论何时”、“无论在(到)哪里”等。
Whoevertoldyoutogiveupsmokingwasquiteright.
Whateverhegaveyoushouldbehandedin.
Whoevertoldyouthatwas lying.
Whoevercomesiswelcome.
专项训练:
1.______makesmistakesmustcorrectthem.
A.WhatB.ThatC.WhoeverD.Whatever
2.Itworriedherabit______herhairwasturninggrey.
A.whileB.thatC.ifD.for
3.Whenandwhyhecamehere______yet.
A.isnotknownB.arenotknownC.hasnotknownD.havenotknown
4.______isnoreasonfordismissingher.
A.BecauseshewasafewminuteslateB.Owingtoafewminuteslate
C.ThefactthatshewasafewminuteslateD.Beingafewminuteslate
5.______Tomlikedtoeatwasdifferentfrom______.
A.That…thatyouhadexpectedB.What…thatyouhadexpected
C.That…whatyouhadexpectedD.What…whatyouhadexpected
6.______wegoswimmingeveryday______usalotofgood.
A.If...doB.That...doC.If...doesD.That...does
7.It______Bobdrivesbadly.
A.thinksthatB.isthoughtwhatC.thoughtthatD.isthoughtthat
8.It'suncertain______theexperimentisworthdoing.
A.ifB.thatC.whetherD.how
9.______theboydidn'ttakemedicinemadehismotherangry.
A.ThatB.WhatC.HowD.Which
10.______wecan'tgetseemsbetterthan______wehave.
A.What,whatB.What,thatC.That,thatD.That,what
(后设答案,大家不要偷看(⊙o⊙)哦,(*^__^*)嘻嘻……)
KEYS
1.C2.B3.A4.C5.D6.D7.D8.C9.A10.A
(二)表语从句:
在复合句中充当表语。
1.that在引导表语从句时无含义,不作成分,通常不省。
1)表示事实、真理等的实际内容。
Thefactisthatheislying.
The odds arethathewillnotdoit.
2)表示某人的意见、信念等的实际内容。
Our belief isthatthingswillimprove.
Thetroubleisthatweareshortofmoney.
2.whether引导表语从句(不可用if)。
HisfirstquestionwaswhetherHolmeshadarrivedyet.
Thequestioniswhetherpeoplewillbuyit.
3.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which引导的表语从句。
ThisiswhatIwant.
Thequestioniswhocanbechosentobe manager ofthecompany.
Myquestioniswhichofthemisbetter.
4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导的表语从句。
Theproblemseemedhowwecouldmakehimunderstandit.
Thequestioniswhereweshouldgo.
5.asif,asthough引导的表语从句(常用虚拟语气)。
Helooksasifhewereangry.
Itlooksasifit'sgoingtorain.
专项训练:
1.Thequestionis______wewillhaveoursportsmeetnextweek.
A.thatB.ifC.whenD.whether
2.Thereasonwhyhefailedis______hewastoocareless.
A.becauseB.thatC.forD.becauseof
3.Goandgetyourcoat.It's______youleftit.
A.whereB.thereC.therewhereD.wherethere
4.Theproblemis______totaketheplaceofTed
A.whocanwegetB.whatwecangetC.whowecangetD.thatwecanget
5.WhatIwanttoknowis______helikesthegiftgivenbyus.
A.thatB.ifC.whetherD.不填
6.Thereasonis______Imissedthebus.
A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what
7.Thatis______wewerelatelasttime.
A.thatB.whenC.whyD.what
8.Shelooked______sheweretenyearsyounger.
A.thatB.likeC.asD.asthough
9.--Ifellsick!
--Ithinkitis______youaredoingtoomuch.
A.whyB.whenC.whatD.because
10.Thereasonwhyhehasn’tcomeis______.
A.becausehismotherisillB.becauseofhismother’sbeingill
C.thathismotherisillD.forhismotherisill
11.--Hewasbornhere.
--Thatis______helikestheplacesomuch.
A.thatB.whatC.whyD.how
12.Thatis______LuXunoncelived.
A.whatB.whereC.thatD.why
(后设答案,大家不要偷看(⊙o⊙)哦,(*^__^*)嘻嘻……)
KEYS
1.D2.B3.A4.C5.C6.A7.C8.D9.D10.C11.C12.B
(三)宾语从句:
在复合句中充当宾语。
1.that引导宾语从句时无含义,不充当成分,常省略。
★that不引导介词的宾语从句,至于exceptthat,inthat,savethat,butthat等是复合从属连词。
Iknow(that)youhavemethim.
Let'ssupposethatonedaythishappenstoyou.
★在及物动词和宾语从句之间常有间接宾语(指人)。
例如:
Itoldhim(that)hewaswrong.
★在少数动词如:
think,believe,suppose,expect,imagine, calculate,fancy, reckon,besupposed,seem,appear,feelasif,lookasif,looklike等后面的从句中的否定词经常转移到主句谓语动词上,这叫否定前置/否定转移。
(hope“希望”,guess“认为”后的宾语从句否定不前置。
Ihopenot.“我希望不是那样的”,是Ihopeso.的否定式。
Idon'thopeso.是对hope的否定:
“我不希望如此”。
)如:
Idon'tthinkitwillbeverycoldtoday.
Idon'tthinkyouareright.
Idon'tbelievehehasfinishedhiswork.
注意:
①非必须否定转移。
若需要强调从句的否定时就不作转移。
②不可把所有可否定转移动词的否定句都理解为否定宾语从句,要根据句意或语境而定。
Idon'tthinkdiplomacyisafieldforprivate enterprise.
Wedidn'tthinkwe'dbethislate.
③当think用在疑问句中,或主句中的谓语动词与状语连用,或主句中的谓语动词被do强调时,不能否定转移。
Whydoyouthinkwecan'tchangeyournote?
IdobelieveTomnevertellsalie.
Theystilldidn'tbelievethatthefoodwouldcome.
Ican'tbelievethattheyaremarried.
④否定转移多用在主句动词为一般现在时的情况。
主句动词为一般过去时、过去完成时、过去进行时、现在完成时、现在完成进行时,或主句动词与情态动词连用,就不能否定转移。
此时若主句动词为否定,应考虑是否是对主句动词的否定。
Ihadthoughtthathewouldnotcome.
我已经想到了他不能来了。
⑤当宾语从句中有no,never,hardly,notatall,notabit,not...enough,can'thelpdoing等时不能否定转移。
IthinkIcan'thelplaughingifIseeit.
Ibelievehenevertellsalie.
▲许多带宾语补足语的句子要用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句置于句尾。
Wethinkitwrongthathetoldalietoeveryone.
Wethoughtitapitythatsheshouldhavemissedthechance.
2.whether,if引导宾语从句:
表示“是否”可互换,口语中常用if。
Heaskedifshewouldcome.
注意下列情况下whether不可用if换:
1)引导主语从句置于句首时。
2)whether后没有单词间隔而直接跟ornot时。
Idon'tknowwhetherornothewillcome.
3)whether从句作介词宾语时。
Theyaretalkingaboutwhetherhewillwinthegame.
Everythingdependsonwhetheryouagreewithus.
4)whether后接不定式时。
Idon'tknowwhethertoattendthemeeting.
5)动词discuss,decide的宾语从句时。
3.连接代词what,who,whose等引导的宾语从句。
Tellmewhatyouwant.
Doyouknowwhowillcomeatthemeeting?
注意:
who,whom按照传统语法,从句中who所取代的名词如果是宾语应用宾格whom,但在口语中常用who,如:
Doyouknowwhom(who)hewillinvite?
①whose,which,what三个词都带有形容词性质。
whose表示所有,意为“谁的”;which意为“哪一个”,what意为“什么”。
如:
Whosebookitisnotimportant.
Pleasetellmewhichschoolyouwanttogo.
Hedidn'tknowwhattimeitwas.
②一般说来,which指的是在一个具体的、较明确的、有限的、较小范围;而what则指较广的或不明确的范围。
如:
whichfood,说话人一般指眼前的或明确范围的几种food;whatfood则指许多food,而且说话人心中没有数。
Idon'tknowwhich/whatfoodyouwant.
如果范围较大或者没有什么范围,最好用whatfood。
4.连接副词when,where,why,how引导的宾语从句。
Idon'tknowwhenthemeetingwillbeheld.
PleasetellmewhereIcanfindTom.
Heexplainedtomewhyhewasabsentfromthemeeting.
CanyoutellmehowIcangettothepostoffice?
5.可用whatever,whoever,whomever,whenever,wherever等引导宾语从句。
Pleasewritedownwhateverheissaying.
Idon'tknowwhoeverwillcome.
I'lldowhateveryouaskmeto.
6.表示爱憎情感的动词,如:
enjoy,hate,love,like,dislike,don'tmind, resent, appreciate(感激)等以及某些介词结尾的短语动词如:
counton,dependon,relyon,seeto,lookforwardto,befondof,feellike,seeto等后,即使没有宾补也要先接形式宾语it,再接宾语从句。
Ilikeitwhenshesmilesatme.
Iloveitwhenyousing.
IhateitifIamspokentoloudlyinpublic.
★除了but,besides,except,in,save,beyond六个介词后跟that引导的宾语从句外,其他介词都不能。
inthat是“因为”的意思,其余五个与that搭配都是“除了……”。
专项训练:
1、Doyouknowhowmuchhotwater______?
A.MumisneededB.doesMumneedC.MumneedsD.didMumneed
2、Canyoutellme______?
A.whereheisB.whereisheC.heiswhereD.whatishe
3、Ididn'tknowhow______toLondon?
A.wouldtheygoB.aretheygoingC.theywouldgoD.theyaregoing
4、Iwanttoknowhowlong______.
A.hashebeenbackB