英语阅读进阶Steps 15.docx

英语阅读进阶Steps 15.docx

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英语阅读进阶Steps15

Step1VocabularyinContext

Therearefourkindsofcontextclues:

1.Examples（markedbywordslikeforexample,forinstance,including,andsuchas）;

2.Synonyms（wordsthatmeanthesameasunknownwords）;

3.Antonyms（wordsthatmeantheoppositeofunknownwords）;

4.Generalsenseofthesentence（cluesinthesentenceorsurroundingsentencesaboutwhatwordsmightmean）.

Exercises

I.Directions:

Foreachsentencebelow,underlinetheexamplesthatsuggestthemeaningoftheitalicizedword.Thenwritetheletterofthemeaningofthatwordinthespaceprovided.

____1.Todaywasadayofturmoilatwork.Thephoneswereconstantlyringing,peoplewererunningbackandforth,andseveralofficeswerebeingpainted.

A.discussionB.confusionC.harmony

____2.Somementallyillpeoplehavebizarreideas.Forinstance,theymaythinktheTVistalkingtothemorthatotherscanstealtheirthoughts.

A.limitedB.ordinaryC.odd

____3.Nocturnalcreatures,suchasbatsandowls,havehighlydevelopedsensesthatenablethemtofunctioninthedark.

A.featheryB.livingC.activeatnight

II.Directions:

Eachsentencebelowincludesawordthatisasynonymoftheitalicizedword.Writethesynonymoftheitalicizedwordinthespaceprovided.

____1.Airportsecurityguardsmustobservepeople’sdemeanorsoastonoticeanysuspiciousconduct.

____2.Iaskedtheinstructortoexplainaconfusingpassageinthetextbook.Shesaid,“IwishIcould,butit’sobscuretome,too.”

____3.Inthesamewaythatthearrivalofthemechanicalequipmentmeantfewerfarmjobs,theadventofthecomputerhasledtofewermanufacturingjobs.

III.Directions:

Eachsentencebelowincludesawordthatisanantonymoftheitalicizedword.Underlinetheantonymofeachitalicizedword.Thenwritetheletterofthemeaningoftheitalicizedwordinthespaceprovided.

____1.DuringtheMiddleAges,everyone—fromtherichlandownerdowntothemostimpoverishedpeasant—hadaclearplaceinsociety.

A.weakB.commonC.poor

____2.Computermanualsareoftenveryhardtounderstand,solwassurprisedtodiscoverhowlucidthisoneis.

A.longB.expensiveC.clear

____3.Tokeephealthy,olderpeopleneedtostayactive.Remainingstagnantresultsinlossofstrengthandhealth.

A.inactiveB.livelyC.unhealthy

IV.Directions:

Usethegeneralsenseofeachsentencetofigureoutthemeaningofeachitalicizedword.Thenwritetheletterofthemeaningoftheitalicizedwordinthespaceprovided.

____1.ThelizardwassolethargicthatIwasn’tsureifitwasaliveordead.Itdidn’tevenblink.

A.greenB.inactiveC.big

____2.Aftertheaccident,Iwasangeredwhentheotherdrivertoldthepoliceofficeracompletefabricationaboutwhathappened.HeclaimedthatIwasthepersonatfault.

A.lieB.descriptionC.confession

____3.Whetherornotthereislifeinouterspaceisanenigma.Wemayneverknowforsureuntilwearecapableofspacetraveloraliensactuallylandonourplanet.

A.reasonB.certaintyC.mystery

Step2MainIdeas

Recognizingthemainideaisthemostimportantkeytogoodcomprehension.Therearethreestrategiesthatwillhelpyoufindthemainidea:

1.Lookforgeneralversusspecificideas;

2.Usethetopic（thegeneralsubjectofaselection）toleadyoutothemainidea;

3.Usecluewordstoleadyoutothemainidea.

Exercises

Directions:

Ineachofthefollowinggroups,onestatementisthegeneralpoint,andtheotherstatementsarespecificsupportforthepoint.IdentifyeachpointwithaPandeachstatementofsupportwithanSandwritetheminthespaceprovided.

1.____A.Hungrybearssearchingforfoodoftenthreatenhikers.

____B.Hikingonthatmountaintrailcanbeverydangerous.

____C.Severeweatherdevelopsquickly,leavinghikersexposedtostormsandcold.

____D.Whenitrains,thetrail—whichisverysteepatsomepoints—becomesslippery.

2.____A.Thepessimisticviewofhumannatureholdsthatpeoplearebasicallylazyandhavetobeforcedtowork.

____B.Politicalandbusinessleadersoftenbasetheirpoliciesononeofseveralassumptionsaboutpeople.

____C.Theoptimisticviewpresumespeopleareinterestedindoingajobwellandarecapableofdirectingthemselves.

____D.Amiddle-of-the-roadtheoryisthatwhilepeopledonotdislikework,theydonotworkefficientlywithoutappropriatedirection.

3.____A.Bydecreasingtheproductionofcertainhormones,exerciselessenstheriskofcertaincancers.

____B.Regularexercisestrengthenstheimmunesystem,promotesmentalhealth,andgeneratesfeelingsofwell-being.

____C.Peoplewhoexerciseregularlyhavestrongerbones,morelimberjoints,andahealthierheart.

____D.Regularexercisefourtofivedaysaweekhassignificanthealthbenefits.

Step3SupportingDetails

Supportingdetailsarereasons,examples,facts,steps,orotherkindsofevidencethatexplainamainidea.

Thereareoftentwolevelsofsupportingdetail—majorandminor.Themajordetailsexplainanddevelopthemainidea.Inturn,theminordetailshelpfindoutandmakeclearthemajordetails.

Exercises

Directions:

Readandthenoutlineeachpassage.Beginbywritinginthemainidea,andthenfillinthesupportingdetails.Thefirstoutlinerequiresonlymajordetails;thesecondcallsforyoutoaddminordetailsaswell.

1.ParentscantakeseveralstepstodiscourageTVwatchingandencouragereading.Foronething,haveonlyonetelevisionset,andplaceitinthefamilyroom.Thenifyourchildwantsprivacy,heorshewillhavetogoelsewhere,awayfromtheTV.Secondly,connectreadingwitheating.Putabookcaseratherthanatelevisioninthekitchenandmakesureitisfilledwithcomics,magazines,localnewspapers,andsoon.Explainthatallsnackshavetobeeateninthekitchen.Giventhefactthatmostkidscangoonlyashorttimewithoutputtingfoodintheirmouths,yourkidsshouldgetalotofreadingdonewhilethey’resnacking,Lastofall,don’tevendreamofputtingatelevisionsetinachild’sbedroom.Youwantyourkidstofallasleepoverbooks,notgluedtoaflickeringscreen.

Mainidea:

Majordetail:

1.

Majordetail:

2.

Majordetail:

3.

2.Collegesoftheearlynineteenthcenturyhaddistinctdifferencesfromtoday’sschools.First,thestudentbodyduringthistimewasalmostentirelywhitemales.Higheducationwasconsideredafinalpolishingforupperclassgentlemen—aprivilegeunnecessaryforthosewhohadlowersocialstatus.Inaddition,nomatterwhattheirinterestswere,allstudentshadtotakethesamecourses.Theywererequiredtostudytheancientlanguages（Latin,Creek,sometimesHebrew）,literature,naturalscience,mathematics,andpoliticalandmoralphilosophy.Athirdfeatureofnineteenth-centurycollegeswastheirsmallsize.Exceptforafewoftheveryoldestinstitutions,mostcollegeshadastudentbodyofonlyafewdozenstudents.Thetypicalfacultyconsistedofjustthreeorfourprofessorsandanequalnumberoftutors.Afinaldifferencewasthatstudentlifeintheearly1800swasmuchmoreregulatedthantoday.Strictcurfewsdeterminedwhattimesstudentshadtoturnlampsoutintheirrooms,andmostschoolsrequiredstudentstoattendreligiousservicesoncampus.

Note:

Don’twriteinalltheminordetails,buttrytosummarizetheminafewwords.

Mainidea:

Majordetail:

1.

Minordetails:

Majordetail:

2.

Minordetails:

Majordetail:

3.

Minordetails:

Majordetail:

4.

Minordetails:

Step4

ImpliedMainIdeasandtheCentralPoint

Figuringoutimpliedmainideas.Attimesauthorsimply,orsuggest,amainideawithoutstatingitclearlyinonesentence.Insuchcases,thereadermustfigureoutthatmainideabyconsideringthesupportingdetails.

Findingcentralpoints.Aselectionconsistingofseveralparagraphsormorehasanoverallmainideacalledthecentralpoint,orthesis.Theparagraphsthatmakeuptheselectionprovidethesupportingdetailsforthatcentralpoint.Aswiththemainideaofaparagraph,thecentralpointmaybeeitherclearlystatedorimplied.

Exercises

Directions:

Readthefollowingparagraphandanswerthequestionsthatfollow.Remembertofindatopicbyasking“Whoorwhatistheselectionabout”andtofindanimpliedmainideabyasking“Whatistheauthor’spointaboutthetopic”

Onemythaboutexerciseisthatifawomanliftsweights,shewilldevelopmusclesaslargeasaman’s.Withoutmalehormones,however,awomancannotincreasehermusclebulkasmuchasaman’s.Anothermisconceptionaboutexerciseisthatitincreasestheappetite.Actually,regularexercisestabilizestheblood-sugarlevel,whichpreventshungerpains.Somepeoplealsothinkthatafewminutesofexerciseadayoronesessionaweekisenough,butatleastthreesolidworkoutsaweekareneededformuscularandcardiovascularfitness.

1.Whatisthetopicoftheaboveparagraph

A.WomenandexerciseB.Blood-sugarlevels

C.MythsaboutexerciseD.Threeworkoutsaweek

2.Whichstatementbestexpressestheunstatedmainidea

A.Womenwholiftweightscannotbecomeasmuscularasmen.

B.Thereareseveralmythsaboutexercise.

C.Exerciseisbeneficialtoeveryone.

D.Peopleusemanydifferentexcusestoavoidexercising.

Step5Relations

Therearetwocommontypesofrelations:

1relationsthatinvolveaddition

2relationsthatinvolvetime

Additionwords

onetobeginwithinadditonlast

firstanothernextlastofall

firstofallsecondmoreoverfinally

foronethingalsofurthermore

Timewords

beforeduringwhilelaterpreviously

nownexteven