社交网络服务外文翻译.docx

社交网络服务外文翻译.docx

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社交网络服务外文翻译

外文翻译

SocialNetworkService

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//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_marketing

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wikipedia

Asocialnetworkserviceisanonlineservice,platform,orsitethatfocusesonbuildingandreflectingofsocialnetworksorsocialrelationsamongpeople,e.g.,whoshareinterestsand/oractivities.Asocialnetworkserviceessentiallyconsistsofarepresentationofeachuser（oftenaprofile）,his/hersociallinks,andavarietyofadditionalservices.Mostsocialnetworkservicesarewebbasedandprovidemeansforuserstointeractovertheinternet,suchase-mailandinstantmessaging.Althoughonlinecommunityservicesaresometimesconsideredasasocialnetworkservice.Inabroadersense,socialnetworkserviceusuallymeansanindividual-centeredservicewhereasonlinecommunityservicesaregroup-centered.Socialnetworkingsitesallowuserstoshareideas,activities,events,andinterestswithintheirindividualnetworks.

Themaintypesofsocialnetworkingservicesarethosewhichcontaincategoryplaces（suchasformerschool-yearorclassmates）,meanstoconnectwithfriends（usuallywithself-descriptionpages）andarecommendationsystemlinkedtotrust.Popularmethodsnowcombinemanyofthese,withFacebookandTwitterwidelyusedworldwide;MySpaceandLinkedInbeingthemostwidelyusedinNorthAmerica;Nexopia（mostlyinCanada）;Bebo,Hi5,Hyves（mostlyinTheNetherlands）,StudiVZ（mostlyinGermany）,iWiW（mostlyinHungary）,Tuenti（mostlyinSpain）,Nasza-Klasa（mostlyinPoland）,Decayenne,Tagged,XING,BadooandSkyrockinpartsofEurope;OrkutandHi5inSouthAmerica,IndiaandCentralAmerica;andFriendster,Mixi,Multiply,Orkut,Wretch,renrenandCyworldinAsiaandthePacificIslandsandTwitter,OrkutandFacebookinIndia.

Therehavebeenattemptstostandardizetheseservicestoavoidtheneedtoduplicateentriesoffriendsandinterests（seetheFOAFstandardandtheOpenSourceInitiative）.

Althoughsomeofthelargestsocialnetworkswerefoundedonthenotionofdigitizingrealworldconnections,manynetworksfocusoncategoriesfrombooksandmusictonon-profitbusinesstomotherhoodaswaystoprovidebothservicesandcommunitytoindividualswithsharedinterests.

History

Thepotentialforcomputernetworkingtofacilitatenewformsofcomputer-mediatedsocialinteractionwassuggestedearlyon.Effortstosupportsocialnetworksviacomputer-mediatedcommunicationweremadeinmanyearlyonlineservices,includingUsenet,ARPANET,LISTSERV,andbulletinboardservices（BBS）.ManyprototypicalfeaturesofsocialnetworkingsiteswerealsopresentinonlineservicessuchasAmericaOnline,Prodigy,andCompuServe.

EarlysocialnetworkingontheWorldWideWebbeganintheformofgeneralizedonlinecommunitiessuchasT（1994）,Geocities（1994）andT（1995）.Manyoftheseearlycommunitiesfocusedonbringingpeopletogethertointeractwitheachotherthroughchatrooms,andencourageduserstosharepersonalinformationandideasviapersonalwebpagesbyprovidingeasy-to-usepublishingtoolsandfreeorinexpensivewebspace.Somecommunities-suchasC-tookadifferentapproachbysimplyhavingpeoplelinktoeachotherviaemailaddresses.Inthelate1990s,userprofilesbecameacentralfeatureofsocialnetworkingsites,allowinguserstocompilelistsof"friends"andsearchforotheruserswithsimilarinterests.

Newsocialnetworkingmethodsweredevelopedbytheendofthe1990s,andmanysitesbegantodevelopmoreadvancedfeaturesforuserstofindandmanagefriends.ThisnewergenerationofsocialnetworkingsitesbegantoflourishwiththeemergenceofFriendsterin2002,andsoonbecamepartoftheInternetmainstream.FriendsterwasfollowedbyMySpaceandLinkedInayearlater,andfinally,Bebo.Attestingtotherapidincreaseinsocialnetworkingsites'popularity,by2005,MySpacewasreportedlygettingmorepageviewsthanGoogle.Facebook,launchedin2004,hassincebecomethelargestsocialnetworkingsiteintheworld.

Today,itisestimatedthattherearenowover200activesitesusingawidevarietyofsocialnetworkingmodels.

Socialimpacts

Webbasedsocialnetworkservicesmakeitpossibletoconnectpeoplewhoshareinterestsandactivitiesacrosspolitical,economic,andgeographicborders.Throughe-mailandinstantmessaging,onlinecommunitiesarecreatedwhereagifteconomyandreciprocalaltruismareencouragedthroughcooperation.Informationisparticularlysuitedtogifteconomy,asinformationisanonrivalgoodandcanbegiftedatpracticallynocost.

Facebookandothersocialnetworkingtoolsareincreasinglytheobjectofscholarlyresearch.Scholarsinmanyfieldshavebeguntoinvestigatetheimpactofsocialnetworkingsites,investigatinghowsuchsitesmayplayintoissuesofidentity,privacy,socialcapital,youthculture,andeducation

Severalwebsitesarebeginningtotapintothepowerofthesocialnetworkingmodelforphilanthropy.Suchmodelsprovideameansforconnectingotherwisefragmentedindustriesandsmallorganizationswithouttheresourcestoreachabroaderaudiencewithinterestedusers.Socialnetworksareprovidingadifferentwayforindividualstocommunicatedigitally.Thesecommunitiesofhypertextsallowforthesharingofinformationandideas,anoldconceptplacedinadigitalenvironment.

Typicalstructure

Basics

Socialnetworkingsitestendtosharesomeconventionalfeatures.Mostoften,individualusersareencouragedtocreateprofilescontainingvariousinformationaboutthemselves.Userscanoftenuploadpicturesofthemselvestotheirprofiles,postblogentriesforotherstoread,searchforotheruserswithsimilarinterests,andcompileandsharelistsofcontacts.Inaddition,userprofilesoftenhaveasectiondedicatedtocommentsfromfriendsandotherusers.Toprotectuserprivacy,socialnetworksusuallyhavecontrolsthatallowuserstochoosewhocanviewtheirprofile,contactthem,addthemtotheirlistofcontacts,andsoon.

Inrecentyears,ithasalsobecomecommonforawidevarietyoforganizationstocreateprofilestoadvertiseproductsandservices.

Additionalfeatures

Somesocialnetworkshaveadditionalfeatures,suchastheabilitytocreategroupsthatsharecommoninterestsoraffiliations,uploadorstreamlivevideos,andholddiscussionsinforums.Geosocialnetworkingco-optsinternetmappingservicestoorganizeuserparticipationaroundgeographicfeaturesandtheirattributes.

ThereisalsoatrendformoreinteroperabilitybetweensocialnetworksledbytechnologiessuchasOpenIDandOpenSocial.

Lately,mobilesocialnetworkinghasbecomepopular.Inmostmobilecommunities,mobilephoneuserscannowcreatetheirownprofiles,makefriends,participateinchatrooms,createchatrooms,holdprivateconversations,sharephotosandvideos,andshareblogsbyusingtheirmobilephone.Mobilephoneusersarebasicallyopentoeveryoptionthatsomeonesittingonthecomputerhas.Somecompaniesprovidewirelessserviceswhichallowtheircustomerstobuildtheirownmobilecommunityandbrandit,butoneofthemostpopularwirelessservicesforsocialnetworkinginNorthAmericaisFacebookMobile.

Emergingtrendsinsocialnetworks

Astheincreaseinpopularityofsocialnetworkingisonaconstantrise,newusesforthetechnologyareconstantlybeingobserved.

Attheforefrontofemergingtrendsinsocialnetworkingsitesistheconceptof"realtime"and"locationbased."Realtimeallowsuserstocontributecontent,whichisthenbroadcastedasitisbeinguploaded-theconceptissimilartolivetelevisionbroadcasts.Twittersetthetrendfor"realtime"services,whereuserscanbroadcasttotheworldwhattheyaredoing,orwhatisontheirmindswithina140characterlimit.Facebookfollowedsuitwiththeir"LiveFeed"whereusers'activitiesarestreamedassoonasithappens.WhileTwitterfocusesonwords,Clixtr,anotherrealtimeservice,focusesongroupphotosharingwhereuserscanupdatetheirphotostreamswithphotoswhileatanevent.Friendsandnearbyuserscancontributetheirownphotosandcommentstothateventstream,thuscontributingtothe"realtime"aspectofbroadcastingphotosandcommentsasitisbeinguploaded.Inthelocationbasedsocialnetworkingspace,Foursquaregainedpopularityasitallowedforusersto"check-in"toplacesthattheyarefrequentingatthatmoment.GowallaisanothersuchservicewhichfunctionsinmuchthesamewaythatFoursquaredoes,leveragingtheGPSinphonestocreatealocationbaseduserexperience.Clixtr,thoughintherealtimespace,isalsoalocationbasedsocialnetworkingsitesinceeventscreatedbyusersareautomaticallygeotagged,anduserscanvieweventsoccurringnearbythroughtheClixtriPhoneapp.Recently,Yelpannounceditsentranceintothelocationbasedsocialnetworkingspacethroughcheck-inswiththeirmobileapp;whetherornotthisbecomesdetrimentaltoFoursquareorGowallaisyettobeseenasitisstillconsideredanewspaceintheinternettechnologyindustry.

Onepopularuseforthisnewtechnologyissocialnetworkingbetweenbusinesses.CompanieshavefoundthatsocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebookandTwitteraregreatwaystobuildtheirbrandimage.AccordingtoJodyNimetz,authorofMarketingJive,therearefivemajorusesforbusinessesandsocialmedia:

tocreatebrandawareness,asanonlinereputationmanagementtool,forrecruiting,tolearnaboutnewtechnologiesandcompetitors,andasaleadgentooltointerceptpotentialprospects.Thesecompaniesareabletodrivetraffictotheirownonlinesiteswhileencouragingtheirconsumersandclientstohavediscussionsonhowtoimproveorchangeproductsorser