Q:
Defineapositiveskew
A:
Asymmetrywiththetailontheright（mean>median>mode）
Q:
DefineAccuracy
A:
Thetruenessoftestmeasurements
Q:
DefineAlternateHypothesis
A:
Hypothesisthatthereissomedifference
Q:
DefineCoefficientofDetermination
A:
r^2（Correlationcoefficientsquared）
Q:
DefineCorrelationcoefficient（r）
A:
Alwaysbetween-1and1.Absolutevalueindicatesthestrengthofcorrelation.
Q:
DefineNegativePredictiveValue
A:
Numberoftruenegatives/numberthattestedneg.fordisease
Q:
DefinePositivePredictiveValue
A:
Numberoftruepositives/numberthattestedpos.fordiseaseortheprob.Of havingacondition,givenapos.test
Q:
DefinePrecision
A:
Theconsistencyofatest（reliability）,absenceofrandomerror
Q:
DefinePrimaryDiseasePrevention
A:
Preventoccurrence,e.g.,vaccination
Q:
DefineRelativeRisk
A:
Diseaseriskinexposedgroup/diseaseriskinunexposedgroup;a/a+b/c/c+d
Q:
DefineReliability
A:
Reproducibilityofatest;repeatmeasurementsarethesame
Q:
DefineSecondaryDiseasePrevention
A:
Earlydetectionofdisease,e.g.,Papsmear
Q:
DefineSEM
A:
StandardErroroftheMean;standarddeviation/squarerootofn（samplesize）
Q:
Definesensitivity
A:
Numberoftruepositives/allpeoplewithdisease
Q:
Definespecificity
A:
Numberoftruenegatives/numberofallpeoplew/othedisease
Q:
DefineTertiaryDiseasePrevention
A:
Reducedisabilityformdisease,e.g.insulinfordiabetics
Q:
DefinethePowerofastudy
A:
Probabilityofrejectinganullhypothesiswhenitisfalse
Q:
DefineValidity
A:
Whetheratesttrulymeasureswhatitpurportstomeasure;theappropriatenessofatest
Q:
Dodivorceesremarryfrequently?
A:
Yes
Q:
Howdodiseaseprevalenceandpositivepredictivevaluerelate?
A:
Higherprevalence=HigherPositivePredictiveValue
Q:
Howdoprevalenceandincidencerelatetodiseaselength?
A:
P>Iforchronicdiseases; P=Iforacutediseases
Q:
HowdoSEMandStandardDeviationrelate?
A:
SD>SEM;asnincreases,SEMdecreases
Q:
Howdoyoumeasurethe'power'ofastudyortheprobabilitythatthestudywillseeadifferenceifoneexists?
A:
1-beta
Q:
HowdoesalpharelatetotheTypeIerror?
A:
ItistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror,isequaltop（pisusually<.05）
Q:
HowdoesbetarelatetotheTypeIIerror?
A:
BetaistheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIIerror
Q:
Howmanypeople>65
A:
35,000,000（approx.13%）
Q:
Ifthe95%confidenceintervalforORofRRincludes1,whatdoesthismean?
A:
Thatthestudyisinconclusive
Q:
Inwhatagegroupwillthegreatestpopulationincreasebeseenin?
A:
Those>85
Q:
IncreasingsamplesizewillaffectthePowerofastudyhow?
A:
ByincreasingthePower
Q:
Isdivorcerelatedtoindustrialization?
A:
No
Q:
IsHIVpositivityareportabledisease?
A:
No
Q:
Marriagesathighrisk
A:
Teenagemarriages,Mixedreligions,Lowsocio-economicstatus
Q:
MemoryaidforMedicare/Medicaid
A:
MedicarE=Elderly; MedicaiD=Destitute
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforAlcoholism
A:
Influenza,pneumococcalimmunizations;TBtest
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforDiabetes
A:
Eye,footexams;Urinetest
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforDrugAbuse
A:
HIV,TBtests;hepatitisimmunization
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforHigh-risksexualbehavior
A:
HIV,HepB,syphilis,gonorrhea,chlamydiatests
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforHomeless,Refugee,orImmigrant
A:
TBtest
Q:
PreventiveservicesneededforObesity
A:
Bloodglucosetest
Q:
Randomerroryieldspoor………?
A:
Precision
Q:
RelativeRiskisusedforwhatkindofstudy?
A:
Cohort
Q:
Systematicerroryieldspoor………?
A:
Accuracy
Q:
U.S.populationin2000
A:
300,000,000
Q:
Unlikespecificityandsensitivity,whatarepredictivevaluesdependenton?
A:
Prevalenceofdiseaseinthepopulation
Q:
Whatareriskfactorsforsuicide?
A:
White,male,alone,priorattempts,presenceandlethalityofplan,medicalillness,alcoholordruguse,on3ormoreprescriptionmeds.
Q:
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE1-14?
A:
Injuries,cancer,congenitalanomalies,homicide,heartdisease
Q:
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE15-24?
A:
Injuries,homicide,suicide,cancer,heartdisease
Q:
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE25-64?
A:
Cancer,heartdisease,injuries,stroke,suicide
Q:
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinAGE65+?
A:
Heartdisease,cancer,stroke,COPD,pneumonia
Q:
WhataretheleadingcausesofdeathinINFANTS?
A:
Congenitalanomalies,SIDS,shortgestation,respiratorydistresssyndrome,maternalcomplicationsduringpregnancy
Q:
Whatarethemostcommonsurgeries?
A:
Dilationandcurettage,hysterectomy,tonsillectomy,sterilization,herniarepair,oophorectomy,cesareansection,cholecystectomy
Q:
Whatarethereportablediseases?
A:
AIDS,chickenpox,gonorrhea,hepatitisAandB,measles,mumps,rubella,salmonella,shigella,syphilis,andtuberculosis
Q:
Whatdoesat-testcheck?
A:
Thedifferencebetweentwomeans（Mr.Tismean）
Q:
WhatdoesanANOVAanalyze?
A:
Varianceof3ormorevariables（AnalysisofVariance）
Q:
WhatdoesSADPERSONSrepresent?
A:
Sex（male）,Age,Depression,Previousattempt,Ethanol,Rationalthought,Sickness,Organizedplan,Nospouse,Socialsupportlacking
Q:
WhatfactorsinfluencethePowerofastudy?
A:
1）Thetotal#ofendpointsexperiencedbyapopulation;2）Differenceincompliancebetweentreatmentgroups
Q:
Whatisacase-controlstudy?
A:
Observationalstudy.Samplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofdisease. Infocollectedaboutriskfactors.
Q:
WhatisaClinicaltrial?
A:
Experimentalstudy.Comparesbenefitof2ormoretreatments.
Q:
WhatisaCohortstudy?
A:
Observationalstudy.SamplechosenbasedonpresenceorabsenceofRiskFactors. Subjectsfollowedovertimefordiseasedevelopment. （Framinghamstudy）
Q:
Whatisamemorykeyforsuicideriskfactors?
A:
SADPERSONS
Q:
WhatisaNullHypothesis?
A:
Hypothesisofnodifference,e.g.,noassoc.betweendiseaseandriskfactor
Q:
WhatisapitfallofMeta-analysis?
A:
Cannotovercomelimitationsofindividualstudiesorbiasinstudyselection
Q:
WhatisaTypeIerror（alpha）?
A:
Statingthataneffectofdifferenceexistswhenonereallydoesnot
Q:
WhatisaTypeIIerror（beta）
A:
Statingthatthereisnotaneffectordifferencewhenactuallythereis
Q:
WhatisanOddsRatiousedfor?
A:
Approximatesrelativeriskwhenprevalenceisnottoohigh; OR=ad/bc
Q:
WhatisChi-Squaretestusedfor?
A:
Tocheckdifferencesbetween2ormorepercentagesorproportionsofcategoricaloutcomes
Q:
Whatisdesirableforconfirmatorytests?
A:
Highspecificity
Q:
Whatisdesirableforscreeningtests?
A:
Highsensitivityisdesirableforascreeningtest
Q:
Whatisincidence?
A:
Numberofnewcasesinapopulationperunittime
Q:
WhatisMedicaid?
A:
Fed.AndStateassistanceforthoseonwelfareorwhoareindigent
Q:
WhatisMedicarePartA?
A:
Hospitalrelated
Q:
WhatisMedicarePartB?
A:
Supplemental
Q:
WhatisMedicare?
A:
Fed.ProgramfortheElderly
Q:
Whatisprevalence?
A:
Totalnumberofcasesinapopulationatagiventime（incidencexdiseaseduration）
Q:
WhatistheFalseNegativeRatio?
A:
1-sensitivity
Q:
WhatistheFalsePositiveRatio?
A:
1-specificity
Q:
Whatisthehighestqualitystudy?
A:
ClinicalTrial
Q:
Whatisthepvalue?
A:
TheprobabilityofmakingaTypeIerror.
Q:
Whatpercentofmedicalcostswillthose>35incur?
A:
30%
Q:
WhattypeofstudiesareOddsRatiosusedfor?
A:
Retrospective（casecontrol）
Q:
Whendodivorcespeak?
A:
Duringthe2ndto3rdyear.
Q:
Whichsexhasthemostsurgeries?
A:
Females
Q:
DefineAutonomy.
A:
Obligationtorespectptsasindividualsandtohonortheirpreferencesinmedicalcare
Q:
Legally,whatdoesinformedconsentrequire?
A:
-discussionofpertinentinformation
A:
-obtainingthepatient'sagreementtotheplanofcare
A:
-freedomfromcoercion
Q:
Ptautonomyvs.beneficence:
whendoesautonomywinout?
A:
Ifptmakesaninformeddecision,ultimately,thept.hastherighttodecide.
Q:
What3proofsarerequiredforasucessfulmalpracticecivilsuitforneglegence?
A:
-Dr.breachofdutytopatient
A:
-pt.suffersharm
A:
-breachofdutycausesharm
A:
Note--beyondreasonabledoubtnotneeded,justmorelikelythannot
Q:
Whatarethe4exceptionstoconfidentiality?
A:
-potentialharmtoothersisserious
A:
-likelihoodofharmisgreat
A:
-noalternativemeansexisttowarnortoprotectthoseatrisk
A:
-Drs.Cantakestepstopreventharm
Q:
Whatarethe4exceptionstoinformedconsent?
A:
-pt.lacksdecision-makingcapacity（notletallycompetent）
A:
-impliedconsentinanemergency
A:
-therapeuticprivelege--withholdinginformationwhendisclosurewouldseverlyharmtheptorundermineinformeddecision-makingcapacity
A:
-waver--pt.waves
Q:
Whatarethe5signsofapt'sdecision-makingcapacity?
A:
-pt.makesandcommunicatesachoice
A:
-pt.isinformed
A:
-decisionremainsstableovertime
A:
-decisionco
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