高考英语长难句考场攻略.docx

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高考英语长难句考场攻略.docx

高考英语长难句考场攻略

第一章并列句

一、并列句的构成:

简单句+并列连词+简单句

常见并列连词:

表顺接

表转折

表选择

表因果

…and…

Both…and…

Notonlyw…butalso…

Notonly…but…

Notonly…but…aswell

但是:

…but…

…yet…

…while…

…whereas…

…or……或者…

Either…or…二选一

Neither…nor…两者都不

…for…因为

…so…所以

Eg:

Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.

 

二、并列句的省略:

相同部分可省略,不同部分保持不变

Eg:

Theprogramkeepstracksofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedbackonyourperformanceandimprovement.

【考场攻略】:

找到并列句省略的部分

Eg:

Youcanbecomealawerinthreeyearsandyoucanbecomeamedicaldoctorinfour.

Youcanbecomealawerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.

Eg:

HevisitedtheCasino,helostthe$20andheleft.

HevisitedtheCasino,lostthe$20andleft.

 

第二章复合句(复合句=主句+从句)

一.名词性从句

1宾语从句

1、宾语从句的含义:

一个句子放到另一个句子里作宾语

2、宾语从句的写法:

主句+连接词+从句(主句缺什么,连接词用什么;从句为陈述句)

Eg:

1)Dr.wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservation.(that不作成分可省略)

2)Wesuddenlycan’trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago.

3)Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too.

4)WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustswhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?

3、宾语从句的位置:

(1)及物动词+宾语从句

Eg:

1)Scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuateaccordingtomentaleffort.

2)Thismayalsoexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells…

3)…userscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.(双宾)

(2)介词+宾语从句

Eg:

1)Thisandothersimilarcasesraisethequestionofwhetherthereisstillalinebetweencourtandpolitics.

2)Thosedifferenceareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.

(3)形容词+宾语从句(×)

Eg:

Hefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.

4、考研中常出现的三种宾语从句:

(1)非谓语动词+宾语从句:

(不一定是谓语动词+宾从,只要是及物动词就可加宾语从句)

Eg:

1)Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.

2)Neitherofthesepatternisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.

(2)多个宾语从句:

Eg:

Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalaroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.

(3)宾语从句后置,it作形式宾语:

(条件:

①宾语从句太长;②必须在主谓宾补的句子中)

Eg:

Thatkindsofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgements.

 

2表语从句

1、表语从句的含义:

一个句子放到另一个句子里作表语

2、表语从句的写法:

同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可以省略

Eg:

1)Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.

2)Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenotboundbyancode.

3)Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.

4)Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.

3、表语从句的位置:

位于系动词后

3主语从句

1、主语从句的含义:

一个句子放到另一个句子里作主语

2、主语从句的写法:

同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可省略;表达“是否”

时,宾从、表从whether/if可任选其一,而主语从句只能用whether

Eg:

1)What’sneededisapackagedeal.

2)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.

3)Whatmotivatedhim…washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”.

4)Whetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.

3、主语从句的位置:

(1)位于句首:

谓语动词前

(2)位于句末:

主语从句太长,用it作形式主语

Eg:

1)Itdidn’tmatterwhatwasdoneintheexperiment.

2)Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbesimplification.

4、主语从句用于写作:

(1)Itisdone+主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)

Eg:

1)Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged…

2)Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresad…

(2)Itis+adj./n.+主语从句(表达对一件事的评价)

Eg:

1)Itisobviousthattheirviewswrelessfullyintellectualized.

2)Itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.

4同位语从句

1、同位语从句的含义:

一个句子放到另一个句子里解释说明名词(原句不缺成分)

2、同位语从句的写法:

同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可省略;最常用的是that引导

Eg:

1)Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthrity.

2)EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangeislimitedandmixed.

3)Acenturyyearsago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears…

4)PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat”Circumstancedonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim”.

5)Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilities,ignoringthefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.

3、同位语从句的位置:

位于抽象名词后

常见抽象名词:

idea,opinion,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee…

 

【名词性从句小结】:

四种名词性从句写法基本相同,位置不同

 

一、定语从句

1.定语从句的概念:

一个句子放到另一个句子里作定语,修饰限定名词(同位语从句只能修饰抽象名词,而定语从句修饰限定任何名词)

Eg:

Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgement.(定语从句的每一个关系词都作成分)

2.定语从句的写法:

先行词n.+关系词+陈述句

 

先行词

关系词

事/物

Which/that

Who/whom(只能作宾语)/that

人/物(表示人或物的所有关系,即“某人的/某物的”)

Whose

时间

When

地点

Where

原因

why

(1).先行词是事/物,关系词用which/that

Eg:

1)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.

2)Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.

(2).先行词是人,关系词用who/whom(只能作宾语时用)/that

Eg:

1)Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.

2)RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.

(3).先行词是人/物,表示人或物的所有关系,关系词用whose

Eg:

1)Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.

2)This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.

(4).先行词是时间,关系词用when

Eg:

1)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.

(5).先行词是地点,关系词选择where

Eg:

1)Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak

(6).先行词是原因,关系词选择why

Eg:

1)theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.

(7).特殊的关系词whereby=bywhich

Eg:

Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.

关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意:

1定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分,包括That

2Whom指人,只能在作宾语时使用

3When/where/why引导定语从句时,前面的先行词必须与之匹配

4关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,都可以省略

Eg:

1)Allhumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?

2)theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay.

3.定语从句的分类:

HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.(限定性定语从句,先行词范围不明确,需限定,不要逗号隔开)

Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.(非限定性定语从句,先行词范围明确,不需限定,需要逗号隔开)

限定性定语从句

非限定性定语从句

逗号

无逗号

有逗号

先行词

范围不明确

范围明确

作用★

修饰限定先行词,不能省略,影响表意

补充说明先行词,可以省略,不影响表意

翻译★

往前翻译

单独翻译成一句话

关系词

1关系词可以用that

2作宾语可以省略

3指人作宾语,用whom/who/that都行

1关系词不能用that

2不可以省略

3指人作宾语,只能用whom

 

4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别:

1同位语从句是解释说明名词;定语从句是修饰限定名词(类似于形容词的作用)

2同位语从句只能解释说明抽象名词;定语从句修饰限定任何名词

补充1:

特殊的非限定性定语从句(修饰整句话,关系词只能用which/as)

Eg:

1)Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.

2)Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureoflanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.

3)Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.

4)AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrencentyears.

补充2:

介词提前的定语从句

Eg:

1)

Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentwhichtheylivein.

Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive.

2)

…commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionswhichasampleiscomparedto.

…commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.

3)

Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed…

4)

Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.

注意:

介词可以提前,也可以不提前,但如果介词提前了:

指人介词+whom,指物介词+which

【考场攻略】:

1找到从句不必纠结于从句的种类

2非限定性定语从句可省略不看

3找到定语从句和先行词

…thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.

(一般情况下从句挨着先行词,若从句没有挨着先行词,用代入法看是否合适)

二、状语从句

1.状语从句的含义:

一个句子放到另一个句子里作状语。

2.状语从句的写法:

连接词+完整的句子(连词不做成分,表逻辑关系)

Eg:

1)whentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.

2)Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.

3.状语从句的位置:

位于主句前、中、后

(前)Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaroundforaspiringleaders.

(后)Opportunitieswillaroundforaspiringleaders,Astheeconomypicksup.

(中)Opportunities,Astheeconomypicksup,willaroundforaspiringleaders。

4.状语从句的分类:

(共9种5种常用)

主要由连词决定,连词表示什么意思就是什么状语从句

(1)时间状语从句★

Eg:

1)Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.

2)In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.

3)Asthebrainfades,werefertotheseoccurrencesas”seniormoments.”(referAasB提到A的时候作为B)

4)CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.

5)WitnesspaymentsbecameanissueafterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.

6)AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshasbecomeintense.

7)Grammer,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.

8)Assoonasthatreportruns,w

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