高考英语长难句考场攻略.docx
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高考英语长难句考场攻略
第一章并列句
一、并列句的构成:
简单句+并列连词+简单句
常见并列连词:
表顺接
表转折
表选择
表因果
…and…
Both…and…
Notonlyw…butalso…
Notonly…but…
Notonly…but…aswell
但是:
…but…
…yet…
…while…
…whereas…
…or……或者…
Either…or…二选一
Neither…nor…两者都不
…for…因为
…so…所以
Eg:
Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportant,butitsrolehasremainedobscure.
二、并列句的省略:
相同部分可省略,不同部分保持不变
Eg:
Theprogramkeepstracksofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedbackonyourperformanceandimprovement.
【考场攻略】:
找到并列句省略的部分
Eg:
Youcanbecomealawerinthreeyearsandyoucanbecomeamedicaldoctorinfour.
Youcanbecomealawerinthreeyearsandamedicaldoctorinfour.
Eg:
HevisitedtheCasino,helostthe$20andheleft.
HevisitedtheCasino,lostthe$20andleft.
第二章复合句(复合句=主句+从句)
一.名词性从句
1宾语从句
1、宾语从句的含义:
一个句子放到另一个句子里作宾语
2、宾语从句的写法:
主句+连接词+从句(主句缺什么,连接词用什么;从句为陈述句)
Eg:
1)Dr.wormacknowledgesthatthesefiguresareconservation.(that不作成分可省略)
2)Wesuddenlycan’trememberwhereweputthekeysjustamomentago.
3)Idon’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonme,too.
4)WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustswhattheyreadintheirnewspapers?
3、宾语从句的位置:
(1)及物动词+宾语从句
Eg:
1)Scientistsbelievethatintelligencecanexpandandfluctuateaccordingtomentaleffort.
2)Thismayalsoexplainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmells…
3)…userscouldtelladvertisersthattheydidnotwanttobefollowed.(双宾)
(2)介词+宾语从句
Eg:
1)Thisandothersimilarcasesraisethequestionofwhetherthereisstillalinebetweencourtandpolitics.
2)Thosedifferenceareswampedbyhowwelleachperson“encodes”theinformation.
(3)形容词+宾语从句(×)
Eg:
Hefeltcertainthathenevercouldhavesucceededwithmathematics.
4、考研中常出现的三种宾语从句:
(1)非谓语动词+宾语从句:
(不一定是谓语动词+宾从,只要是及物动词就可加宾语从句)
Eg:
1)Youmightevenbetemptedtoassumethathumanityhaslittlefuturetolookforwardto.
2)Neitherofthesepatternisborneoutbytheanalysis,suggestingthatthestructuresofthelanguagesarelineage-specificandnotgovernedbyuniversals.
(2)多个宾语从句:
Eg:
Tofilteroutwhatisuniquefromwhatissharedmightenableustounderstandhowcomplexculturalaroseandwhatguidesitinevolutionaryorcognitiveterms.
(3)宾语从句后置,it作形式宾语:
(条件:
①宾语从句太长;②必须在主谓宾补的句子中)
Eg:
Thatkindsofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbeacceptedasimpartialjudgements.
2表语从句
1、表语从句的含义:
一个句子放到另一个句子里作表语
2、表语从句的写法:
同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可以省略
Eg:
1)Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.
2)Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenotboundbyancode.
3)Thisiswheredevelopingnewhabitscomesin.
4)Yetthefactremainsthatthemergermovementmustbewatched.
3、表语从句的位置:
位于系动词后
3主语从句
1、主语从句的含义:
一个句子放到另一个句子里作主语
2、主语从句的写法:
同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可省略;表达“是否”
时,宾从、表从whether/if可任选其一,而主语从句只能用whether
Eg:
1)What’sneededisapackagedeal.
2)Thattheseasarebeingoverfishedhasbeenknownforyears.
3)Whatmotivatedhim…washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”.
4)Whetherthecommunity’sworkcontributesmuchtoanoverallaccumulationofknowledgeisdoubtful.
3、主语从句的位置:
(1)位于句首:
谓语动词前
(2)位于句末:
主语从句太长,用it作形式主语
Eg:
1)Itdidn’tmatterwhatwasdoneintheexperiment.
2)Itisbecominglessclear,however,thatsuchatheorywouldbesimplification.
4、主语从句用于写作:
(1)Itisdone+主语从句(表达人们对一件事的观点看法)
Eg:
1)Thisyear,itwasproposedthatthesystembechanged…
2)Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcrybecausetheyaresad…
(2)Itis+adj./n.+主语从句(表达对一件事的评价)
Eg:
1)Itisobviousthattheirviewswrelessfullyintellectualized.
2)Itissurelyagoodthingthatthemoneyandattentioncometoscienceratherthangoelsewhere.
4同位语从句
1、同位语从句的含义:
一个句子放到另一个句子里解释说明名词(原句不缺成分)
2、同位语从句的写法:
同宾语从句,但that不作成分也不可省略;最常用的是that引导
Eg:
1)Writinginthelastyearofhislife,heexpressedtheopinionthatintwoorthreerespectshismindhadchangedduringtheprecedingtwentyorthrity.
2)EvidencethattheLoveLifeprogramproduceslastingchangeislimitedandmixed.
3)Acenturyyearsago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears…
4)PartofthefameofAllen’sbookisitscontentionthat”Circumstancedonotmakeaperson,theyrevealhim”.
5)Mosttheoriesofjuveniledelinquencyhavefocusedonchildrenfromdisadvantagedfamilities,ignoringthefactthatchildrenfromwealthyhomesalsocommitcrimes.
3、同位语从句的位置:
位于抽象名词后
常见抽象名词:
idea,opinion,fact,evidence,question,doubt,reason,theory,belief,possibility,chance,hope,contention,guarantee…
【名词性从句小结】:
四种名词性从句写法基本相同,位置不同
一、定语从句
1.定语从句的概念:
一个句子放到另一个句子里作定语,修饰限定名词(同位语从句只能修饰抽象名词,而定语从句修饰限定任何名词)
Eg:
Lawisadisciplinewhichencouragesresponsiblejudgement.(定语从句的每一个关系词都作成分)
2.定语从句的写法:
先行词n.+关系词+陈述句
先行词
关系词
事/物
Which/that
人
Who/whom(只能作宾语)/that
人/物(表示人或物的所有关系,即“某人的/某物的”)
Whose
时间
When
地点
Where
原因
why
(1).先行词是事/物,关系词用which/that
Eg:
1)Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoungadultsexperience.
2)Furthermore,thelegalsystemandtheeventswhichoccurwithinitareprimarysubjectsforjournalists.
(2).先行词是人,关系词用who/whom(只能作宾语时用)/that
Eg:
1)Mostarchaeologicalsites,however,arediscoveredbyarchaeologistswhohavesetouttolookforthem.
2)RetailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.
(3).先行词是人/物,表示人或物的所有关系,关系词用whose
Eg:
1)Ondisplayherearevariousfantasyelementswhosereference,atsomebasiclevel,seemstobethenaturalworld.
2)This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscriminationagainstthosewhosesurnamesbeginwithaletterinthelowerhalfofthealphabet.
(4).先行词是时间,关系词用when
Eg:
1)Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.
(5).先行词是地点,关系词选择where
Eg:
1)Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak
(6).先行词是原因,关系词选择why
Eg:
1)theotherreasonwhycostsaresohighistherestrictiveguild-likeownershipstructureofthebusiness.
(7).特殊的关系词whereby=bywhich
Eg:
Thedefinitionalsoexcludesthemajorityofteachers,despitethefactthatteachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymanyintellectualsearntheirliving.
关于定语从句的关系词的几点注意:
1定语从句的关系词每一个都必须作成分,包括That
2Whom指人,只能在作宾语时使用
3When/where/why引导定语从句时,前面的先行词必须与之匹配
4关系词在定语从句中作宾语时,都可以省略
Eg:
1)Allhumansactuallyawareoftheworldtheylivein?
2)theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay.
3.定语从句的分类:
HewillcallhisfriendwhoisworkinginLondon.(限定性定语从句,先行词范围不明确,需限定,不要逗号隔开)
Hewillcallhismother,whoisworkinginLondon.(非限定性定语从句,先行词范围明确,不需限定,需要逗号隔开)
限定性定语从句
非限定性定语从句
逗号
无逗号
有逗号
先行词
范围不明确
范围明确
作用★
修饰限定先行词,不能省略,影响表意
补充说明先行词,可以省略,不影响表意
翻译★
往前翻译
单独翻译成一句话
关系词
1关系词可以用that
2作宾语可以省略
3指人作宾语,用whom/who/that都行
1关系词不能用that
2不可以省略
3指人作宾语,只能用whom
4.定语从句与同位语从句的区别:
1同位语从句是解释说明名词;定语从句是修饰限定名词(类似于形容词的作用)
2同位语从句只能解释说明抽象名词;定语从句修饰限定任何名词
补充1:
特殊的非限定性定语从句(修饰整句话,关系词只能用which/as)
Eg:
1)Mostfisheriesarewellbelowthat,whichisabadwaytodobusiness.
2)Afewgenerativerulesarethensufficienttounfoldtheentirefundamentalstructureoflanguage,whichiswhychildrencanlearnitsoquickly.
3)Nevertheless,asanybiographerknows,aperson’searlylifeanditsconditionsareoftenthegreatestgifttoanindividual.
4)AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeawardsforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrencentyears.
补充2:
介词提前的定语从句
Eg:
1)
Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentwhichtheylivein.
Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive.
2)
…commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionswhichasampleiscomparedto.
…commercialgenetictestingisonlyasgoodasthereferencecollectionstowhichasampleiscompared.
3)
Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed…
4)
Thisisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowbecomesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.
注意:
介词可以提前,也可以不提前,但如果介词提前了:
指人介词+whom,指物介词+which
【考场攻略】:
1找到从句不必纠结于从句的种类
2非限定性定语从句可省略不看
3找到定语从句和先行词
…thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.
(一般情况下从句挨着先行词,若从句没有挨着先行词,用代入法看是否合适)
二、状语从句
1.状语从句的含义:
一个句子放到另一个句子里作状语。
2.状语从句的写法:
连接词+完整的句子(连词不做成分,表逻辑关系)
Eg:
1)whentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructure,itdidn’thavethecapitaltodoso.
2)Wedidnotevolve,becausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.
3.状语从句的位置:
位于主句前、中、后
(前)Astheeconomypicksup,opportunitieswillaroundforaspiringleaders.
(后)Opportunitieswillaroundforaspiringleaders,Astheeconomypicksup.
(中)Opportunities,Astheeconomypicksup,willaroundforaspiringleaders。
4.状语从句的分类:
(共9种5种常用)
主要由连词决定,连词表示什么意思就是什么状语从句
(1)时间状语从句★
Eg:
1)Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediabecomeanothermarketer’spaidmedia-forinstance,whenane-commerceretailersellsadspaceonitsWebsite.
2)In1995theUnitedStatescanlookbackonfiveyearsofsolidgrowthwhileJapanhasbeenstruggling.
3)Asthebrainfades,werefertotheseoccurrencesas”seniormoments.”(referAasB提到A的时候作为B)
4)CartersiftedthroughrubbleintheValleyoftheKingforsevenyearsbeforehelocatedthetombin1922.
5)WitnesspaymentsbecameanissueafterWestwassentencedto10lifesentencesin1995.
6)AndsincethefirstInternetgamblingsitewascreatedin1995,competitionforgamblers’dollarshasbecomeintense.
7)Grammer,punctuation,andspellingcanwaituntilyourevise.
8)Assoonasthatreportruns,w