土木外文翻译.docx
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土木外文翻译
土木外文翻译
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题目:
高层建筑学院:
建工学院专业:
土木工程班级:
土木0805学号:
080801143学生姓名:
郑禹辰指导教师:
陆海燕完成日期:
2012年2月3号
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一、外文原文:
TallBuildingStructure
Tallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforecclesiasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommercialandresidentialpurposes.
Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureontheavailablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuildingsarefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.
Therapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconsequentpressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.
Ideally,intheearlystagesofplanningabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheir精品文档
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respectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.Acompromisebetweenconflictingdemandswillbealmostinevitable.Inallbuttheverytalleststructures,however,thestructuralarrangementwillbesubservienttothearchitecturalrequirementsofspacearrangementandaesthetics.
Thetwoprimarytypesofverticalload-resistingelementsoftallbuildingsarecolumnsandwalls,thelatteractingeitherindependentlyasshearwallsorinassembliesasshearwallcores.Thebuildingfunctionwillleadnaturallytotheprovisionofwallstodivideandenclosespace,andofcorestocontainandconveyservicessuchaselevators.Columnswillbeprovided,inotherwiseunsupportedregions,totransmitgravityloadsand,insometypesofstructure,horizontalloadsalso.
Theinevitableprimaryfunctionofthestructuralelementsistoresistthegravityloadingfromtheweightofthebuildinganditscontents.Sincetheloadingondifferentfloorstendstobesimilar,theweightofthefloorsystemperunitfloorareaisapproximatelyconstant,regardlessofthebuildingheight.Becausethegravityloadonthecolumnsincreasesdowntheheightofabuilding,theweightofcolumnsperunitareaincreasesapproximatelylinearlywiththebuildingheight.
Thehighlyprobablesecondfunctionoftheverticalstructuralelementsistoresistalsotheparasiticloadcausedbywindandpossiblyearthquakes,whosemagnitudeswillbeobtainedfromNationalBuildingCodesorwindtunnelstudies.Thebendingmomentsonthebuildingcausedbytheselateralforcesincreasewithatleastthesquareoftheheight,andtheireffectswillbecomeprogressivelymoreimportantasthebuildingheightincreases.
Oncethefunctionallayoutofthestructurehasbeendecided,the精品文档
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designprocessgenerallyfollowsawelldefinediterativeprocedure.Preliminarycalculationsformembersizesareusuallybasedongravityloadingaugmentedbyanarbitraryincrementtoaccountforwindforces.Thecross-sectionalareasoftheverticalmemberswillbebasedontheaccumulatedloadingsfromtheirassociatedtributaryareas,withreductionstoaccountfortheprobabilitythatnotallfloorswillbesubjectedsimultaneouslytotheirmaximumliveloading.Theinitialsizesofbeamsandslabsarenormallybasedonmomentsandshearsobtainedfromsomesimplemethodofgravityloadanalysis,orfromcodifiedmidandendspanvalues.Acheckisthenmadeonthemaximumhorizontaldeflection,andtheforcesinthemajorstructuralmembers,usingsomerapidapproximateanalysistechnique.Ifthedeflectionisexcessive,orsomeofthemembersareinadequate,adjustmentsaremadetothemembersizesorthestructuralarrangement.Ifcertainmembersattractexcessiveloads,theengineermayreducetheirstiffnesstoredistributetheloadtolessheavilystressedcomponents.Theprocedureofpreliminaryanalysis,checking,andadjustmentisrepeateduntilasatisfactorysolutionisobtained.
Invariably,alterationstotheinitiallayoutofthebuildingwillberequiredastheclient'sandarchitect'sideasofthebuildingevolve.Thiswillcallforstructuralmodifications,orperhapsaradicalrearrangement,whichnecessitatesacompletereviewofthestructuraldesign.Thevariouspreliminarystagesmaythereforehavetoberepeatedanumberoftimesbeforeafinalsolutionisreached.
Speedoferectionisavitalfactorinobtainingareturnontheinvestmentinvolvedinsuchlarge-scaleprojects.Mosttallbuildingsareconstructedincongestedcitysites,withdifficultaccess;therefore精品文档
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carefulplanningandorganizationoftheconstructionsequencebecomeessential.Thestory-to-storyuniformityofmostmultistorybuildingsencouragesconstructionthroughrepetitiveoperationsandprefabricationtechniques.Progressintheabilitytobuildtallhasgonehandinhandwiththedevelopmentofmoreefficientequipmentandimprovedmethodsofconstruction.
EarthquakeFaults
Theoriginofanearthquake
Anearthquakeoriginatesonaplaneofweaknessorafractureintheearth'scrust,termeda"fault".Theearthononesideofthefaultslidesorslipshorizontallyand/orverticallywithrespecttotheearthontheoppositeside,andthisgeneratesavibrationthatistransmittedoutwardinalldirections.Thisvibrationconstitutestheearthquake.
Theearthquakegenerallyoriginatesdeepwithintheearthatapointonthefaultwherethestressthatproducestheslipisamaximum.Thispointiscalledthehypocenterorfocusandthepointontheearth'ssurfacedirectlyabovethispointiscalledtheepicenter.Themainorgreatestshockisusuallyfollowedbynumeroussmalleraftershocks.Theseaftershocksareproducedbyslippageatotherpointsonthefaultorinthefaultzone.
Typesofearthquakefaults
Faultsareclassifiedinaccordancewiththedirectionandnatureoftherelativedisplacementoftheearthatthefaultplane.Probablythemostcommontypeisthestrike-slipfaultinwhichtherelativefaultdisplacementismainlyhorizontalacrossanessentiallyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatSanAndreasfaultinCaliforniaisofthetype.Anothertypeistermedanormalfault—whentherelativemovementisinanupward精品文档
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andownwarddirectiononanearlyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatAlaskanearthquakeof1964wasapparentlyofthistype.Alesscommontypeisthethrustfault—whentheearthisundercompressivestressacrossthefaultandtheslippageisinanupwardanddownwarddirectionalonganinclinedfaultplane.TheSanFernandoearthquakewasgeneratedonwhathasusuallybeenclassifiedasathrustfault,althoughtherewasaboutasmuchlateralslippageasupanddownslippageduetothrusta