土木外文翻译.docx

土木外文翻译.docx

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土木外文翻译

土木外文翻译

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题目:

高层建筑学院:

建工学院专业:

土木工程班级:

土木0805学号:

080801143学生姓名:

郑禹辰指导教师:

陆海燕完成日期:

2012年2月3号

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一、外文原文:

TallBuildingStructure

Tallbuildingshavefascinatedmankindfromthebeginningofcivilization,theirconstructionbeinginitiallyfordefenseandsubsequentlyforecclesiasticalpurposes.Thegrowthinmoderntallbuildingconstruction,however,whichbeganinthe1880s,hasbeenlargelyforcommercialandresidentialpurposes.

Tallcommercialbuildingsareprimarilyaresponsetothedemandbybusinessactivitiestobeasclosetoeachother,andtothecitycenter,aspossible,therebyputtingintensepressureontheavailablelandspace.Also,becausetheyformdistinctivelandmarks,tallcommercialbuildingsarefrequentlydevelopedincitycentersasprestigesymbolsforcorporateorganizations.Further,thebusinessandtouristcommunity,withitsincreasingmobility,hasfuelledaneedformore,frequentlyhigh-rise,citycenterhotelaccommodations.

Therapidgrowthoftheurbanpopulationandtheconsequentpressureonlimitedspacehaveconsiderablyinfluencedcityresidentialdevelopment.Thehighcostofland,thedesiretoavoidacontinuousurbansprawl,andtheneedtopreserveimportantagriculturalproductionhaveallcontributedtodriveresidentialbuildingsupward.

Ideally,intheearlystagesofplanningabuilding,theentiredesignteam,includingthearchitect,structuralengineer,andservicesengineer,shouldcollaboratetoagreeonaformofstructuretosatisfytheir精品文档

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respectiverequirementsoffunction,safetyandserviceability,andservicing.Acompromisebetweenconflictingdemandswillbealmostinevitable.Inallbuttheverytalleststructures,however,thestructuralarrangementwillbesubservienttothearchitecturalrequirementsofspacearrangementandaesthetics.

Thetwoprimarytypesofverticalload-resistingelementsoftallbuildingsarecolumnsandwalls,thelatteractingeitherindependentlyasshearwallsorinassembliesasshearwallcores.Thebuildingfunctionwillleadnaturallytotheprovisionofwallstodivideandenclosespace,andofcorestocontainandconveyservicessuchaselevators.Columnswillbeprovided,inotherwiseunsupportedregions,totransmitgravityloadsand,insometypesofstructure,horizontalloadsalso.

Theinevitableprimaryfunctionofthestructuralelementsistoresistthegravityloadingfromtheweightofthebuildinganditscontents.Sincetheloadingondifferentfloorstendstobesimilar,theweightofthefloorsystemperunitfloorareaisapproximatelyconstant,regardlessofthebuildingheight.Becausethegravityloadonthecolumnsincreasesdowntheheightofabuilding,theweightofcolumnsperunitareaincreasesapproximatelylinearlywiththebuildingheight.

Thehighlyprobablesecondfunctionoftheverticalstructuralelementsistoresistalsotheparasiticloadcausedbywindandpossiblyearthquakes,whosemagnitudeswillbeobtainedfromNationalBuildingCodesorwindtunnelstudies.Thebendingmomentsonthebuildingcausedbytheselateralforcesincreasewithatleastthesquareoftheheight,andtheireffectswillbecomeprogressivelymoreimportantasthebuildingheightincreases.

Oncethefunctionallayoutofthestructurehasbeendecided,the精品文档

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designprocessgenerallyfollowsawelldefinediterativeprocedure.Preliminarycalculationsformembersizesareusuallybasedongravityloadingaugmentedbyanarbitraryincrementtoaccountforwindforces.Thecross-sectionalareasoftheverticalmemberswillbebasedontheaccumulatedloadingsfromtheirassociatedtributaryareas,withreductionstoaccountfortheprobabilitythatnotallfloorswillbesubjectedsimultaneouslytotheirmaximumliveloading.Theinitialsizesofbeamsandslabsarenormallybasedonmomentsandshearsobtainedfromsomesimplemethodofgravityloadanalysis,orfromcodifiedmidandendspanvalues.Acheckisthenmadeonthemaximumhorizontaldeflection,andtheforcesinthemajorstructuralmembers,usingsomerapidapproximateanalysistechnique.Ifthedeflectionisexcessive,orsomeofthemembersareinadequate,adjustmentsaremadetothemembersizesorthestructuralarrangement.Ifcertainmembersattractexcessiveloads,theengineermayreducetheirstiffnesstoredistributetheloadtolessheavilystressedcomponents.Theprocedureofpreliminaryanalysis,checking,andadjustmentisrepeateduntilasatisfactorysolutionisobtained.

Invariably,alterationstotheinitiallayoutofthebuildingwillberequiredastheclient'sandarchitect'sideasofthebuildingevolve.Thiswillcallforstructuralmodifications,orperhapsaradicalrearrangement,whichnecessitatesacompletereviewofthestructuraldesign.Thevariouspreliminarystagesmaythereforehavetoberepeatedanumberoftimesbeforeafinalsolutionisreached.

Speedoferectionisavitalfactorinobtainingareturnontheinvestmentinvolvedinsuchlarge-scaleprojects.Mosttallbuildingsareconstructedincongestedcitysites,withdifficultaccess;therefore精品文档

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carefulplanningandorganizationoftheconstructionsequencebecomeessential.Thestory-to-storyuniformityofmostmultistorybuildingsencouragesconstructionthroughrepetitiveoperationsandprefabricationtechniques.Progressintheabilitytobuildtallhasgonehandinhandwiththedevelopmentofmoreefficientequipmentandimprovedmethodsofconstruction.

EarthquakeFaults

Theoriginofanearthquake

Anearthquakeoriginatesonaplaneofweaknessorafractureintheearth'scrust,termeda"fault".Theearthononesideofthefaultslidesorslipshorizontallyand/orverticallywithrespecttotheearthontheoppositeside,andthisgeneratesavibrationthatistransmittedoutwardinalldirections.Thisvibrationconstitutestheearthquake.

Theearthquakegenerallyoriginatesdeepwithintheearthatapointonthefaultwherethestressthatproducestheslipisamaximum.Thispointiscalledthehypocenterorfocusandthepointontheearth'ssurfacedirectlyabovethispointiscalledtheepicenter.Themainorgreatestshockisusuallyfollowedbynumeroussmalleraftershocks.Theseaftershocksareproducedbyslippageatotherpointsonthefaultorinthefaultzone.

Typesofearthquakefaults

Faultsareclassifiedinaccordancewiththedirectionandnatureoftherelativedisplacementoftheearthatthefaultplane.Probablythemostcommontypeisthestrike-slipfaultinwhichtherelativefaultdisplacementismainlyhorizontalacrossanessentiallyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatSanAndreasfaultinCaliforniaisofthetype.Anothertypeistermedanormalfault—whentherelativemovementisinanupward精品文档

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andownwarddirectiononanearlyverticalfaultplane.ThegreatAlaskanearthquakeof1964wasapparentlyofthistype.Alesscommontypeisthethrustfault—whentheearthisundercompressivestressacrossthefaultandtheslippageisinanupwardanddownwarddirectionalonganinclinedfaultplane.TheSanFernandoearthquakewasgeneratedonwhathasusuallybeenclassifiedasathrustfault,althoughtherewasaboutasmuchlateralslippageasupanddownslippageduetothrusta