东南亚产业发展的绿色化产业转型和环境监管的角度外文文献翻译最新译文.docx
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东南亚产业发展的绿色化产业转型和环境监管的角度外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：
OosterveerP,KamolsiripichaipornS,RasiahR.The‘Greening’ofIndustryandDevelopmentinSoutheastAsia:
PerspectivesonIndustrialTransformationandEnvironmentalRegulation;Introduction[J].Environment,DevelopmentandSustainability,2006,8
（2）:
217-227.
原文
TheGreeningofIndustryandDevelopmentinSoutheastAsia:
PerspectivesonIndustrialTransformationandEnvironmentalRegulation;
Peter,Somporn,Rasiah
Introduction
Untilsome20yearsago,mostSoutheastAsiancountrieswereprimarilyagriculturaleconomies,inwhichindustrialproductionplayedalimitedrole.However,astheirindustrialproductionhasincreasedrapidlyoverthelastdecades,ThailandandMalaysiahavebecomeknownasnewlyindustrializingcountries.Vietnamisalsowellonitswaytofollowitsneighboringcountriesandisoftenlabeledasbelongingtothesecondgenerationtigereconomies.Inthesecountries,industrialgrowthhasbeenmuchhigherthaneconomicgrowthinagricultureoverthepast15yearsandtheshareofindustrialproductionintheirGNPisrapidlyincreasing（beitnotnecessarilywiththesamerateinall（partsof）ofthesecountries）.IndustrialactivitiesingeneralhavehoweverneverbeenwithoutenvironmentalproblemsandthereforeitisnotsurprisingthattheacceleratedindustrializationinSoutheastAsia,entailingadramatictransformationoftheindustrialsector,includedsomeseriousenvironmentalproblems（JEC,2003）.TheseenvironmentalchallengestotheindustrialperformanceinSoutheastAsiawillprobablygrowinthefutureastheregionisatthesametimeunderpressuretosustainitseconomicprogressandalsotoreducethestillremainingpoverty.
Industrialenvironmentalproblemscanberelatedtoenergyuse,resourceuse,waterandairpollution,wastegeneration,environmentalrisks,biodiversity,transport,andsoforth.Theseverityoftheseenvironmentalconsequencesmayvary,dependingonthetechnologiesusedintheindustrialproductionprocesses,theorganizationandmanagementoftheproduction,thecoordinationofthevariousstepsintheproduction–consumptionchain（intermsofinformationflows,substanceflows,managementpreferences,etc.）,theregulatoryregimesatvariouslevels（fromlocaltosupra-national）,andthereactionsfromcitizensandconsumerstowardsproductsandproduction.Theseenvironmentalproblemsoccurwithinthecontextofarapidlychangingworldwheretechnologicalinnovations,neworganizationalandmanagementapproaches,globalizingproduction–consumptionchains,increasingcommunicationandinformationexchangepossibilities,andchangingpowerbalances.Theseeconomic,politicalandtechnologicaltransitionsprovidenewchallengesbutalsonewopportunitiesfortheenvironmentalperformanceinthesecountries.TheexportorientedcharacterofmostAsianindustriesforcesthem,forexample,toincludetheglobalenvironmentalrequirementsfortheindustrialchainsandtheirproducts,apressurewhichmaybeexpectedtobecomemoreintenseinthecomingyears.
ThisspecialissueofEnvironment,DevelopmentandSustainability,presentsseveralarticlesthatanalyzethechallengesandopportunitiesforgoverningthetransformationofindustrialactivitiesinSoutheastAsiatowardsmoresustainablepractices.Thefollowingsectionpresentssomeofthemoregeneraltrendsinfluencingtheenvironmentalperformanceofindustries,particularlyinThailandandVietnam,followedbyareviewofrecentconceptualinnovationsonthegreeningofindustry.Thisintroductionconcludeswithabriefdescriptionofthearticlesinthisissue.
ConceptualchallengesfacingthegreeningofindustriesinSoutheastAsia
TheseriousenvironmentalproblemsresultingfromtheindustrialdevelopmentinSoutheastAsiasignifycomplexchallengesforattemptstocontributetothegreeningofindustriesinthisregion.Thesechallengesincludetheidentificationofappropriatetechnologicaloptionsincombinationwitheconomic,socialandpoliticalaspects.
TheAsianDevelopmentBank（2001）concludedthattherootcauseofthepoorstateoftheenvironmentAsiawasprincipallyafailureofpolicyandofinstitutions.Anewapproachis,therefore,requiredwithregardtothedesignandimplementationofenvironmentalpolicywithintheregion.
Traditionally,centralnationalgovernmentorganizationshavebeenthecornerstoneofgovernanceinSoutheastAsia.Untilrecently,ithasbeenthepracticetodependuponastand-aloneenvironmentalagencyastheinstitutionresponsibleforenvironmentalprotection.Since1980,suchagencieshavebeenestablishedinmostcountriesbuttheygenerallyremainsmall,disposeoflimitedinstitutionalcapabilitiesandlackthenecessarypoliticalclout（WorldBank,2000a）.Atthesametime,devolutionofresponsibilitiesregardingtheenvironmentfromcentraltoregionalandlocallevelgovernmentinstitutionswasunderminedduetoinadequatecoordinationinthepreparatoryprocessandinefficienttransformingmechanisms.Itwasonlyrecentlythattheimportanceofmoreinclusivearrangementsinvolvingprivatefirmsandcivilsocietyorganizationsisrealizedandthesecountriesbegintoadoptmarketbasedmechanisms.
Forexample,theregionalgovernmentinstitutionssuchastheAssociationofSoutheastAsianNations（ASEAN）acknowledgetheneedforachievingsustainabledevelopmentinanincreasinglyglobalizingworldandtodaysupporttheuseofenvironmentalmanagementsystemsandcertificationschemessuchasISO14001hasbecomecommonpractice.Ingeneral,governmentauthoritiesandsocialorganizationsincreasinglyrealizethateffectiveenvironmentalgovernancedependsontransparency,accountability,andtheavailabilityofhigh-qualityinformationconcerningeconomicprocessesandrelatedenvironmentaleffects.Therefore,environmentalconcernsmustbeintegratedacrosssectorsandmainstreamedintoeconomicpolicyandpractice.Environmentalprotectionmustbeconsideredanssentialfactorinthebasicdecisionmakingprocessoffirms,householdsandpolicymakers（ADB,2001;Mol,1995,2001）.
Untilveryrecently,therateofimprovementinenergyandmaterialsefficiency,andpollutionpreventionthroughtheadoptionofgreenenvironmentaltechnologieshasbeenslowrelativetotherateofeconomicgrowthinmanySoutheastAsiancountries.Inthepast,industrieswereonlykeenonadoptingspecificenvironmentaltechnologiesorproductsonapiecemealbasistomeetspecificregulatoryrequirements.However,thisdoesnotreapthepotentialbenefitsofmanagingenvironmentalproblemsinanintegratedmanneroverthelongerterm.Thetheoryofecologicalmodernization（Huber,1982;Mol,1995;Spaargaren,1997）stressesthenecessityofincludingenvironmentalconsiderationsinoveralldecision-makingandmanagementpracticeswithinfirms.Combiningenvironmentalandeconomicconsiderationsinmanagementdecision-makinginaconsistentmannercancontributetosubstantialimprovementsintheenvironmentalaswellastheeconomicperformanceofindustrialenterprises.Environmentalinvestmentsshouldbelookedataspartofacomprehensiveprogramoflongertermenvironmentalmanagementthatalsocontributestothefinancialviabilityofthebusiness（Letchumanan,2004）.ItisthereforevitalthatstrategiesforgreeningindustriesinAsiagobeyondtheselectionofoptimaltechnologicaloptionforaparticularindustryorsectorandsupporteffectiveenvironmentalpollutionabatementthroughin-depthunderstandingoftheirsocialandinstitutionalcontexts（Frijnsetal.,1997）.Thetooloftriadnetworkanalysis（Mol,1995）,mappingtherelevanteconomic,politicalandenvironmentalactors,mayprovideusefulinformationforenvironmentalpolicy-makingbyvisualizingthepowerrelationshipssurroundingprivatefirms.Successfulenvironmentalchangeinindustriesdependsontechnological,managerial,economic,politicalandsocietalconsiderations.Forexample,basedonalargenumberofcasestudiesonindustrialtransformationinEurope,Binderetal.（2001）concludethatthemostimportantconditionsforthegreeningofindustriesseemtobe:
•theendofaninvestmentcycleintheaffectedsector,
•satisfactorytechnologicalalternatives,
•aninnovatorinthebranchtopromotethediffusionofalternativetechnologies,
•clearenvironmentaltargets,
•ahighdegreeofpoliticalintegrationbetweendifferentgovernmentactors,and
•theavailabilityoffundingforcompensationtolessenthesocialandregionaldisruptioncausedbychange.
Thisexampleclearlyunderlinestheimportanceofnon-technologicalconsiderationsinthesuccessfultransitiontowardsgreeningindustries.Theauthorsfurthermoreunderlinethatalthoughindustriesplayakeyroleinchangingtheirenvironmentalperformance,agreenindustrialpolicyremainsindispensable.
Applyingtheconceptsdevelopedwithintheecologicalmodernizationapproachandcombininginsightsintechnologicaloptionswithgoodcomprehensionoftherelevantsocialandpoliticaldynamics,applyingthetriad-networkapproach,provideinterestingdirectionsforthegreeningofindustriesinSoutheastAsia.Scientificresearchshouldthereforeperformin-depthcasestudiesonindustrialtransformationsinspecificsectors,onthesuccesses,failuresandchallengesofenvironmentalpolicybynationalstates,payingattentiontochangingstate-societyrelations,andonthecontributionsfromdifferentAsiangovernmentstointernationalenvironmentalregimesandviceversa.Thearticlesinthisissueprovidefurtherinsightsintothesechallenges.
译文
东南亚产业发展的“绿色化”：
产业转型和环境监管的角度
彼得；萨姆恩；拉贾
引言
直到大约20年前，大多数的东南亚国家主要是农业经济，产业方面的发展受到很大的限制。
然而，当他们的产业在过去的几十年里得到迅速增长后，泰国和马来西亚已成为新兴的产业经济体国家。
越南也顺利地跟上了周边国家的步伐，经常被贴上第二代强力经济体的标签。
在这些国家，产业发展迅速
升级会员 