哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx

哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案.docx

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哈佛公开课公正课中英字幕第二课食人惨案

第二讲《食人惨案》

不得不那样做是吗\Youhavetodowhatyouhavetodo?

差不多吧不得已而为之\Yougottodowhatyougottodoprettymuch.

如果你已经19天没有进食\Ifyou'vebeengoing19dayswithoutanyfoodyouknow

那么总得有人要作出牺牲\someonejusthastotakethesacrifice.

有了他的牺牲其他人才能活下来\Someonehastomakethesacrificeandpeoplecansurvive.

很好你叫什么名字\Alrightthat'sgood.What'syourname?

-马库斯-你有什么话要对马库斯说吗\-Marcus.-MarcuswhatdoyousaytoMarcus?

上一次我们以几个故事开头\Lasttimewestartedoutlasttimewithsomestories

几个在道德上两难的例子\withsomemoraldilemmas

有电车事故的例子\abouttrolleycars

也有器官移植医生\andaboutdoctorsandhealthypatients

手握健康病人生杀大权的例子\vulnerabletobeingvictimsoforgantransplantation.

在讨论中我们注意到两点\Wenoticedtwothingsabouttheargumentswehad

一点与我们的讨论方式有关\onehadtodowiththewaywewerearguing.

我们首先在特定情况下作出判断\Webeganwithourjudgmentsinparticularcases.

然后试图阐明作出这些判断的\Wetriedtoarticulatethereasonsortheprinciples

理由或原则\lyingbehindourjudgments.

当我们面临新的情况时\Andthenconfrontedwithanewcase

我们重新检验这些原则\wefoundourselvesreexaminingthoseprinciples

根据新的情况修正这些理由或原则\revisingeachinthelightoftheother.

然后我们发现\Andwenoticedthebuiltinpressure

要在特定案例之下自圆其说我们的判断\totrytobringintoalignmentourjudgmentsaboutparticularcases

校正我们一再确认的原则难度越来越大\andtheprincipleswewouldendorseonreflection.

我们也注意到了这些争论的本质\Wealsonoticedsomethingaboutthesubstanceofthearguments

已经初见端倪\thatemergedfromthediscussion.

我们发现有时我们倾向于\Wenoticedthatsometimesweweretemptedto

依据行为所产生的后果\locatethemoralityofanactintheconsequencesintheresults

以及对外界的影响判断其是否道德\inthestateoftheworldthatitbroughtabout.

我们称之为后果主义道德推理\Andwecalledthisconsequentialitymoralreasoning.

同时注意到在某些情况下\Butwealsonoticedinsomecases

不仅行为的后果会使我们动摇\weweren'tswayedonlybytheresult.

有时我们中许多人认为行为的后果固然重要\Sometimesmanyofusfeltthatnotjustconsequences

但行为的道德本质或是特性也同样重要\butalsotheintrinsicqualityorcharacteroftheactmattersmorally.

有些人认为\Somepeopleargued

某些行为反正就是绝对错误的\thattherearecertainthingsthatarejustcategoricallywrong

即便该行为产生了好的结果\eveniftheybringaboutagoodresult

即便能牺牲一人挽救五人性命\eveniftheysavedfivepeopleatthecostofonelife.

从而对比了后果主义与绝对主义道德原则之间的差别\Sowecontrastedconsequentialitymoralprincipleswithcategoricalones.

从今天到接下来的几天里我们将要剖析\Todayandinthenextfewdayswewillbegintoexamine

后果主义道德理论中最具影响的一个版本\oneofthemostinfluentialversionsofconsequentialitymoraltheory.

即功利主义哲学\Andthat'sthephilosophyofutilitarianism.

杰里米·边沁18世纪英国政治哲学家\JeremyBenthamthe18thcenturyEnglishpoliticalphilosopher

首次对功利主义道德论做出了系统的定义\gavefirstthefirstclearsystematicexpressiontotheutilitarianmoraltheory

边沁的核心观点非常简单\AndBentham'sideahisessentialideaisaverysimpleone.

充满了道德上的直观感染力\Withalotofmorallyintuitiveappeal

其观点如下\Bentham'sideaisthefollowing

正确的选择公正的选择\therightthingtodo;thejustthingtodo

就是最大化功利\istomaximizeutility.

那这个"功利"是什么意思呢\Whatdidhemeanbyutility?

他认为功利等于快乐减去痛苦\Hemeantbyutilitythebalanceofpleasureoverpain

功利主义认为快乐和痛苦都是可以计算的

幸福减去苦难\happinessoversuffering.

在此基础上他提出了功利最大化的原则\Here'showhearrivedattheprincipleofmaximizingutility.

边沁通过观察得出\Hestartedoutbyobservingthatallofus

所有人类均受两大至高无上的因素所支配\allhumanbeingsaregovernedbytwosovereignmasters:

痛苦与快乐\painandpleasure.

人的本性就是趋乐避苦的\Wehumanbeingslikepleasureanddislikepain.

所以我们应以道德为基准\Andsoweshouldbasemorality

不管是在考虑个人行为时\whetherwe'rethinkingaboutwhattodoinourownlives

还是作为立法者或普通公民\orwhetheraslegislatorsorcitizens

考虑如何立法时\we'rethinkingaboutwhatthelawsshouldbe.

于公于私最正确的选择都该是\Therightthingtodoindividuallyorcollectivelyis

制作人：

心舟QQ:

1129441083

即为全方位地最大化地提升幸福\tomaximizeactinawaythatmaximizestheoveralllevelofhappiness.

边沁的功利主义有时被总结为一句口号\Bentham'sutilitarianismissometimessummedupwiththeslogan

为最多的人谋求最大的幸福\"Thegreatestgoodforthegreatestnumber."

有了这条最基本的功利原则\Withthisbasicprincipleofutilityonhand

让我们检验一下这条原则\let'sbegintotestitandtoexamineit

是否适用于另一案例\byturningtoanothercaseanotherstory

而这一次就不再是假定的事件了\butthistimenotahypotheticalstory

是个真实的故事\areallifestory

女王诉达德利和斯蒂芬斯案\thecaseoftheQueenversusDudleyandStevens.

这是19世纪英国的一则法律案例\Thiswasa19thcenturyBritishlawcase

众多法学院争论不休的著名案例\that'sfamousandmuchdebatedinlawschools.

这则案例是这样的我先概述一下\Here'swhathappenedinthecase.I'llsummarizethestory

然后假设你们就是陪审团会怎么来裁定\thenIwanttohearhowyouwouldruleimaginingthatyouwerethejury.

当时的报纸是这么描述事件背景的\Anewspaperaccountofthetimedescribedthebackground.

最惨绝人寰的海难\Asadderstoryofdisasteratsea

"木犀草号"幸存者的骇人经历\wasnevertoldthanthatofthesurvivorsoftheyachtMignonette.

他们的船在南大西洋\TheshipflounderedintheSouthAtlantic

距好望角1300英里处沉没了\1300milesfromtheCape.

全体船员一行四人达德利是船长\TherewerefourinthecrewDudleywasthecaptain

斯蒂芬斯是大副布鲁克斯是水手\StevenswasthefirstmateBrookswasasailor

都是品德高尚的人至少报上是这么说的\allmenofexcellentcharacterorsothenewspaperaccounttellsus.

第四名船员是船上的侍者\Thefourthcrewmemberwasthecabinboy

理查德·派克17岁\RichardParker17yearsold.

他是孤儿没有家人\Hewasanorphanhehadnofamily

这是他首次出海远航\andhewasonhisfirstlongvoyageatsea.

据报道他不顾朋友的反对\Hewentthenewsaccounttellsusratheragainsttheadviceofhisfriends.

带着充满希望的野心\Hewentinthehopefulnessofyouthfulambition

憧憬此次征程能将他铸造成为男人\thinkingthejourneywouldmakeamanofhim.

然而事与愿违\Sadlyitwasnottobe.

这则案例的实际情况毫无争议\Thefactsofthecasewerenotindispute.

大浪导致翻船"木犀草号"沉没\WavehittheshipandMignonettewentdown.

四人逃上了救生艇\Thefourcrewmembersescapedtoalifeboat.

仅有的食物就是两罐腌萝卜没有淡水\Theonlyfoodtheyhadweretwocansofpreservedturnipsnofreshwater.

头三天他们什么也没吃\Forthefirstthreedaystheyatenothing.

第四天他们开了一罐腌萝卜来吃\Onthefourthdaytheyopenedoneofthecansofturnipsandateit.

第五天他们抓到了一只海龟\Thenextdaytheycaughtaturtle.

就着另一罐腌萝卜\Togetherwiththeothercanofturnips

这只海龟让他们又撑了几天\theturtleenabledthemtosubsistforthenextfewdays.

随后的八天内他们弹尽粮绝了\Andthenforeightdaystheyhadnothing.

没有食物和饮用水\Nofood.Nowater.

想象一下如果你是当事人你会怎么做\Imagineyourselfinasituationlikethatwhatwouldyoudo?

他们是这样做的\Here'swhattheydid.

现在派克正蜷缩在救生艇的角落\BynowthecabinboyParkerislyingatthebottomofthelifeboatinthecorner

因为他不顾众人劝阻饮用了海水\becausehehaddrunkseawateragainsttheadviceoftheothers

他生病了而且似乎快死了\andhehadbecomeillandheappearedtobedying.

在第19天船长达德利\Soonthe19thdayDudleythecaptain

建议大家应该抽签\suggestedthattheyshouldallhavealottery

通过抽签决定谁先死来救其他的人\thattheyshoulddrawlotstoseewhowoulddietosavetherest.

布鲁克斯拒绝了他不赞成抽签\Brooksrefused.Hedidn'tlikethelotteryidea.

不知道他是因为不愿意冒这个险呢\Wedon'tknowwhetherthiswasbecausehedidn'twanttotakethechance

还是因为他信奉绝对主义道德原则\orbecausehebelievedincategoricalmoralprinciples.

反正最终没有进行抽签\Butinanycasenolotsweredrawn.

又过了一天依然没有船只的影子\Thenextdaytherewasstillnoshipinsight

于是达德利叫布鲁克斯转过头去\soDudleytoldBrookstoaverthisgaze

并示意斯蒂芬斯最好杀掉派克\andhemotionedtoStevensthattheboyParkerhadbetterbekilled.

达德利为派克做了祷告并告诉派克他的时辰到了\Dudleyofferedaprayerhetoldtheboyhistimehadcome

然后就用小刀割破他的颈静脉杀死了他\andhekilledhimwithapenknifestabbinghiminthejugularvein.

虽然良心上极力拒绝但布鲁克斯\Brooksemergedfromhisconscientiousobjection

最终还是加入了这骇人的"盛宴"\toshareinthegruesomebounty.

整整四天他们三个\Forfourdaysthethreeofthem

靠派克的尸体和血液为食\fedonthebodyandbloodofthecabinboy.

真实的故事最后他们得救了\Truestory.Andthentheywererescued.

达德利日记里描述的得救情形委婉得让人震惊\Dudleydescribestheirrescueinhisdiarywithstaggeringeuphemism.

他写道第24天我们正在吃早餐\Quote"Onthe24thdayaswewerehavingourbreakfast

终于有船来了\ashipappearedatlast."

一艘德国船搭救了这三名幸存者\ThethreesurvivorswerepickedupbyaGermanship.

把他们带回了英国的法尔茅斯\TheyweretakenbacktoFalmouthinEngland

并在那被逮捕接受审判\wheretheywerearrestedandtried.

布鲁克斯成了目击证人达德利和斯蒂芬斯则成了被告\Brooksturnedstate'switness.DudleyandStevenswenttotrial.

他们对事实供认不讳\Theydidn'tdisputethefacts.

但他们声称此行为是迫不得已\Theyclaimedtheyhadactedoutofnecessity;

他们这样辩护\thatwastheirdefense.

辩称"牺牲一人保全三人"是更好的结果\Theyarguedineffectbetterthatoneshoulddiesothatthreecouldsurvive.

但控方并不为之所动\Theprosecutorwasn'tswayedbythatargument.

他认为谋杀就是谋杀所以此案被送上法庭\Hesaidmurderismurderandsothecasewenttotrial.

现在假设你们就是陪审团\Nowimagineyouarethejury.

为了简化讨论过程撇开法律问题不谈\Andjusttosimplifythediscussionputasidethequestionoflaw

假设你们作为陪审团只需裁定\let'sassumethatyouasthejuryarechargedwithdeciding

他们的所作所为在道德上是否是允许的\whetherwhattheydidwasmorallypermissibleornot.

有多少会投"无罪"认为道德上是允许的\Howmanywouldvote'notguilty'thatwhattheydidwasmorallypermissible?

多少会投"有罪"认为道德上是不允许的\Andhowmanywouldvote'guilty'whattheydidwasmorallywrong?

绝大多数认为有罪\Aprettysizeablemajority.

现在来听听大家的理由\Nowlet'sseewhatpeople'sreasonsare

先从少数派开始\andletmebeginwiththosewhoareintheminority.

先听听为达德利和斯蒂芬斯作出的辩护\Let'shearfirstfromthedefenseofDudleyandStevens.

你为什么会在道德上赦免他们\Whywouldyoumorallyexoneratethem?

理由是什么\Whatareyourreasons?

你来\Yes.

我认为此行为应该受到道德上的谴责\Ithinkitismorallyreprehensible

但我认为道德上应该受到谴责\butIthinkthatthereisadistinctionbetweenwhat'smorallyreprehensible

并不等同于法律上应当承担责任\andwhatmakessomeonelegallyaccountable.

换言之正如法官常说的\Inotherwordsasthejudgesaid

情有可原未必不可法外容情\what'salwaysmoralisn'tnecessarilyagainstthelaw

当然我不认为一句情有可原\andwhileIdon'tthinkthatnecessity

就能为盗窃谋杀以及其他违法行为正名\justifiestheftormurderoranyillegalact

但有时情有可原的程度\atsomepointyourdegreeofnecessity

确实可能法外容情赦免你的罪行\doesinfactexonerateyoufromanyguilt.

很好其他人呢还有谁来辩护\Okay.Good.Otherdefenders.Othervoicesforthedefense.

为他们行为来点道德辩护\Moraljustificationsforwhattheydid.

你来\Yes.

谢谢我只是认为\Thankyou.Ijustfeellike

在那样的绝境下为了生存你不得不那样做\inthesituationthatdesperateyouhavetodowhatyouhavetodotosurvive.

不得不那样做\Youhavetodowhatyouhavetodo.

对差不多吧不得已而为之\Yeahyou'vegottodowhatyou'vegottodo.Prettymuch.

如果你已经19天没有进食\Ifyou'vebeengoing19dayswithoutanyfood

那么总得有人要作出牺牲\youknowsomeonejusthastotakethesacrifice

必须有人牺牲其他人才能活下来\someonehastomakethesacrificeandpeoplecansurvive.

此外假定他们活了下来\Andfurthermorefromthatlet'ssaytheysurvive

回家以后成为对社会更加有益的公民\andthentheybecomeproductivemembersofsociety

比如创建了无数的慈善机构\whogohomeandstartlikeamillioncharityorganizations

或者诸如此类的\andthisandthatandthisandthat.

-最终他们造福了所有人-对\-Imeantheybenefitedeverybodyintheend.-Yeah.

当然没人知道他们接下来的情况\SoImeanIdon'tknowwhattheydidafterwards

他们也可能回去杀了更多人我不知道\theymighthavegoneandlikekilledmorepeopleIdon'tknow.

-那边在说什么-也许他们成了杀手\-What?

-Maybetheywereassassins.

那万一他们回家后结果成了杀手呢\Whatiftheywenthomeandtheyturnedouttobeassassins?

那万一是杀手的话这个问题...\Whatiftheywenthomeandturnedouttobeassassins?

你肯定想知道他们要杀谁\Youdowanttoknowwhotheyassassinated.

那倒是的确实是这样\That'struetoo.That'sfair.That'sfair.

我的确会想知道他们要杀谁\Iwouldwanttoknowwhotheyassassinated.

好的你回答得不错你叫什么名字\Allright.That'sgood.What'syourname?

-马库斯-马库斯好了\-Marcus.-Marcus.Al