中国的监狱制度.docx

中国的监狱制度.docx

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中国的监狱制度

中国的监狱制度

JailSystem

ThePrisonLawofthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasadoptedandwentintoforceonDecember20，xxatthe11thmeetingoftheStandingCommitteeoftheEighthNationalPeople'sCongress.

RegulatoryAuthorities

ThePrisonLawprovidesthattheStateCounciljudicialadministration（MinistryofJustice）supervisesallprisonsacrossthecountry.TheMinistryofJusticehasaBureauofPrisonAdministrationthatsupervisesallprisonsinthecountry.Intheprovinces（municipalitiesdirectlyunderthecentralgovernmentandautonomousregions），officesofjusticeareresponsibleformanagingprisonsintheirownjurisdictionthroughtheirprisonadministrationarms.

PrisonsinChinaaredividedintotwocategories：

Prisonsincarceratinginmateswhohavebeencondemnedbycourtstoafixed-termsentence，lifesentenceordeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve.Maleandfemaleinmatesarewardedseparately，withfemalewardsmanagedbyfemalelawenforcementpersonnel.Prisonsmayalsobedividedintowardsforfelonsandcriminalsofmisdemeanor.

Penitentiariesforjuveniledelinquents，criminalsofminoragewhohavebeencondemnedbycourtstoafixed-termsentence，lifesentenceordeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve.Specialprotectionisextendedtojuveniledelinquents，withcustomizedproceduresinplacetocatertotheirneeds.

PrisonSetupandStaffing

ThePrisonLawprovidesthattheStateCounciljudicialadministrationapprovestheestablishment，eliminationandrelocationofprisonsinlinewithhistorical，economicandnaturalfactors.Thisprovisionisdesignedtooptimizethedistributionofprisonsandensuretheunified，effectiveandaccurateexecutionofpenalties.

Prisonsusuallyhaveonewardenandseveraldeputywardensandvariousadministrativedepartmentsandstaff.Inadditiontoadministrativeofficesandcommercialinstitutions，prisonsalsohavesanitaryandeducationfacilities.

ThePrisonLawprovidesthatthemanagerialpersonnelofprisonsaremembersofthepoliceforcewhoenjoythesamelegalstatusaspublicsecurityandtrafficpolice.

FinancialSystemofPrisons

ThePrisonLawstatesthatthestateensuresfundingforprisonsinreforminginmates.Expensesrelatedtoprisonpolice，reformationofprisoners，dailylifeofinmates，maintenanceofprisonfacilitiesandotheritemsarebudgetedforinthecentralgovernment'splanning.Thestateprovidesproductionfacilitiesandfundingneededforprisonlabor.Land，mineralresourcesandothernaturalresourceslegallyemployedbyprisons，aswellasthepropertyofprisonsareprotectedbylaw；noentityorindividualcantrespassordamagethoseproperties.

FundamentalPrinciples

Article3ofthePrisonLawstatesthatprisonsshouldfollowtheprincipleofcombiningpenaltywithreform，educationwithlabor，inabidtoreformprisonersintolaw-abidingcitizens.

1.TransformationThroughPunishment

Prisonspunishcriminalsbecause，withoutpunishment，itisdifficultforcriminalstocometogripswiththeircrimesandbegintheirlifeanew.Whilepunishmentfocusesonenforcement，reformfocusesontransformation.Punishmentisthemeans，whiletransformationistheend.Thepurposeofpunishmentistotransformcriminalsintolaw-abidingcitizens.Thisispreciselywhatcriminalpenaltiesarefor.Prisonsdonotpunishcriminalsforpunishment'ssake.

2.CombiningEducationwithLabor

Toeffectivelyreformprisoners，itisalsonecessarytocombineeducationwithlabor.Educationcanbemultifaceted：

ideological，cultural，vocationalandtechnical.

ExecutionofPenalties

Lawenforcementauthoritiesimplementcriminalrulingsandjudgmentspassedbyjudicialauthoritiesthathavealreadytakeneffect，inaccordancewithlegalprocedures.Chineseprisonsexecutethefollowingtypesofpenalties：

1.Committal，i.e.commitmenttoimprisonmentofconvictswhohavebeencondemnedtodeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve，lifesentenceorafixed-termsentence.Committalmeansthebeginningoftheexecutionofpenalty，aseriouslawenforcementactivity.Therefore，itmustbeconductedinstrictcompliancewithlegalprocedures.

Publicsecurityauthoritiesthatincarceratecriminalsthathavebeencondemnedtodeathpenaltywithtwoyearsreprieve，lifesentenceorafixed-termsentencemusttransferthecriminalstoprisonsforexecutionofpenaltywithinonemonthofreceiptoftheexecutionnoticeorruling.Whiletransferringthecriminalstotheprison，courtsmustpresentrelevantlegaldocumentsincludingcopiesoftheprosecutionstatementpreparedbytheprocuratorate，therulingbythecourt，noticeofexecutionandformofregistrationforclosureofcase.Prisonauthoritiesmayrejectcriminalsifthesedocumentsarenotreceived.Ifthesedocumentsarenotcompleteorcontainerrors，thecourtthatissuestherulingineffecthastoamendorcorrectthedocumentsinatimelyfashion；thosethatmayleadtomistakenimprisonmentmaynotbeaccepted.

Criminalsthathavebeentakeninshouldgothroughphysical，corporalandpersonal-effectexaminations.Criminalscondemnedtolifeimprisonmentorfixed-termsentencewhohavebeenfound，duringthephysicalexamination，tohavecontractedseriousillnessneedingmedicaltreatmentonbailorfemalecriminalswhoarepregnantorbreast-feedingtheirnewbornmaybeexemptedfromimprisonmenttemporarily.Thatprovision，howeverdoesnotincludecriminalscondemnedtodeathpenaltywithatwoyearsreprieve.Theprisonshouldnotifythecourtoftheresultofthephysicalexaminationandthecourt，inturn，shoulddecidewhetherthecriminalsshouldbeallowedtoseekmedicaltreatmentonparole.Personaleffectsthathavebeenfoundtobeincompatiblewithregulationsshouldbeconfiscated；non-essentialsshould，uponapprovaloftheinmate，beturnedintotheprisonauthoritiesforsafekeepingorreturnedtotherelativesoftheinmate.Femaleinmatesshouldbeexaminedbyfemalepoliceofficers.Criminalsshouldnotbringtheirchildrenwiththemtotheprison.

Uponadmissionintotheprison，theprisonauthoritiesshouldnotifythefamilyoftheinmate；thenoticeshouldbeissuedwithinfivedaysofadmission.

2.HandlingofPetitions，AccusationsandReportingbyInmates

Duringtheexecutionofpenalty，petitionsfiledbyinmatesshouldbereferredwithoutdelaytoprocuratoratesorcourts.Prisonsshouldsetupacomplaintsboxanddesignateaspecialindividualtoopentheboxinordertofacilitategrievanceredress.Theprocuratoratesorthecourtsshouldnotifytheprisonwithinsixdaysofreceiptofaletterofsuggestionssubmittedbytheprison.

Inmateshavetherighttobringachargeagainstorreportprisonpoliceandotherpersonnelfortheirillegalacts.Theprisonauthoritiesshouldprocessthesubmittedmaterialsandgetthematterresolvedifitfallswithintheirjurisdiction；ifitisnotwithintheirjurisdiction，thenitshouldbetransferredwithoutdelaytoprocuratoratesorcourts.

3.ServingaSentenceOutsidethePrison

Thisisasystemthatallowscriminalswhomeetprescribedconditionstoservetheirsentenceoutsidetheprisontemporarily.Thisisdoneintwoways.First，uponannouncementoftheruling，iftheconvictisseriouslyillwarrantingmedicaltreatmentonbail，orispregnantorbreast-feedingherbaby，thecourtmaydecidethattheconvictcanservehisorhersentenceoutsidetheprison.Second，whileservingaterm，aninmatemaybepermittedtoservetheremainderofthesentenceoutsidetheprisonthroughmeetingthefollowingconditions：

seriouslyillandindangerofdeathintheshortterm；seriouschronicillnessforwhichmedicaltreatmentisnoteffective；over60yearsofage，inpoorphysicalconditionsandunlikelytoendangersocietyanymore；physicallyhandicappedandunabletowork.Insuchcases，theprisonauthoritiesshouldprepareawrittenproposalandsubmitittoprisonadministrationauthoritiesoftheprovinces（municipalitiesandautonomousregions）。

Oncethecircumstancespermittingatemporaryservingofasentenceoutsidetheprisonarenolongerthere，prisonersshouldbereadmittedandcontinuetoservetheirsentence.Ifthedecisionwasmadebyacourt，theprisonershouldbehandedoverbythepublicsecurityhandlertotheprisonauthorities；ifthedecisionwasmadebytheprisonauthorities，thepublicsecurityauthoritiesthathandlethecaseshouldnotifytheprisonauthoritiesinatimelyfashion.Thosethathavealreadyservedtheirsentenceoutsidetheprisonshouldcompletereleaseformalitiesattheoriginaladmissionprison.Forthosethatdiedwhileservingtheirsentenceoutsidetheprison，publicsecurityauthoritiesshouldnotifytheoriginaladmissionprisonofthedeath.

4.CommutationofSentenceandParole

Commutationmeansanabatementofsentenceinaccordancewithlegalrequirementsandprocedures.Prisonsareresponsibleforfilingapplicationstocourtsforprisonerswhomeetrequirementsforcommutation.Thecourtshouldreviewanapplicationandadjudicatewithinonemonthofreceiptofproposal.Forcomplicatedorextraordinarycases，thatdeadlinemaybeextendedforonemoremonth.

5.ReleaseandPlacement

Uponcompletionoftheirterm，prisonersshouldbereleasedandissuedacertificateofrelease.Theprisonershouldprovideawrittenevaluationoftheprisoner'sperformanceinprisonandhanditoveralongwithacopyoftherulingtothepublicsecurityoutletthathandlestheregistrationofpermanentresidenceoftheformerprisoner.

Thereleasedpersonshouldapplyforregistrationofpermanentresidencewiththelocalpublicsecurityauthoritieswiththecertificateofreleaseandtheyshouldenjoyequalrightsasothercitizens.

PrisonAdministration

Prisonadministrationincludes