目标成本核算外文翻译文献.docx
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目标成本核算外文翻译文献
文献信息:
文献标题:
BestPracticesinTargetCosting(目标成本核算的最优方案)
国外作者:
Dan·Swenson,Shahid·Ansari,Jan·Bell,IL-Woonkim
文献出处:
《ManagementAccountingQuarterly》,2003,4
(2):
12-17
字数统计:
英文2579单词,14510字符;中文5810汉字
外文文献:
BestPracticesinTargetCosting
HEREISHOWFOUR"MODEL"COMPANIES--THEBOEINGCOMPANY,CATERPILLAR,DAIMLERCHRYSLER,ANDCONTINENTALTEVES--APPLYTHISCOSTINGTECHNIQUE.
TheConsortiumforAdvancedManufacturing--International(CAM-I),theAmericanInstituteofCPAs,andtheUniversityofAkronrecentlysponsoredamajorstudytobenchmarkbestpracticesintargetcosting.Thisstudyexaminedthewaysinwhichtargetcostinghasbeenappliedinavarietyofindustries,thelevelofsuccessandmeasurableimprovementsachieved,andthefactorsthatinfluencedthesuccessoftheseapplications.
ThestudybeganwithasurveytocollectinformationabouttargetcostingpracticesthroughouttheUnitedStates.Afteranalyzingthesurveyresults,conductingtelephoneinterviews,andreviewingsecondaryresearch,theresearchteamselectedfourcompaniesashavingbestpracticesintargetcosting.Theteamthenconductedsitevisitsateachofthe"bestpractice"companies,namelyTheBoeingCompany,Caterpillar,DaimlerChrysler,andContinentalTeves(asupplierofautomotivebrakesystems).Theresultsofthestudyarediscussedhere.
TARGET-COSTINGPRINCIPLES
Targetcostingcanbestbedescribedasasystematicprocessofcostmanagementandprofitplanning.Thesixkeyprinciplesoftargetcostingare:
1.Price-ledcosting.Marketpricesareusedtodetermineallowable--ortarget--costs.Targetcostsarecalculatedusingaformulasimilartothefollowing:
marketpricerequiredprofitmargin=targetcost.
2.Focusoncustomers.Customerrequirementsforquality,cost,andtimearesimultaneouslyincorporatedinproductandprocessdecisionsandguidecostanalysis.Thevalue(tothecustomer)ofanyfeaturesandfunctionalitybuiltintotheproductmustbegreaterthanthecostofprovidingthosefeaturesandfunctionality.
3.Focusondesign.Costcontrolisemphasizedattheproductandprocessdesignstage.Therefore,engineeringchangesmustoccurbeforeproductionbegins,resultinginlowercostsandreduced"time-to-market"fornewproducts.
4.Cross-functionalinvolvement.Cross-functionalproductandprocessteamsareresponsiblefortheentireproductfrominitialconceptthroughfinalproduction.
5.Value-chaininvolvement.Allmembersofthevaluechain--e.g.,suppliers,distributors,serviceproviders,andcustomers--areincludedinthetargetcostingprocess.
6.Alife-cycleorientation.Totallife-cyclecostsareminimizedforboththeproducerandthecustomer.Life-cyclecostsincludepurchaseprice,operatingcosts,maintenance,anddistributioncosts.
THETARGETCOSTINGPROCESS
Essentially,companiesusetargetcostingtoestablishconcreteandhighlyvisiblecosttargetsfortheirnewproducts.Tomaximizecostcontrolandenhanceprofitimprovement,mostcompaniessetrelativelyaggressivetargets.Theprocessbeginswhentopmanagementestablishesatargetcostforanewproduct,forexample,aChryslerNeonoraCaterpillarExcavator.Acostestimatinggroupwillthendecomposethetargetcostfortheproductasawholeintocosttargetsforsubassembliesandindividualcomponentparts--engine,transmission,seats,andsoon.
Frequentlya"gap"existsbetweenthetargetcostandcostprojectionsforthenewproductbasedoncurrentdesignsandmanufacturingcapabilities.Closingthegapthroughcostreductioniscentraltothetargetcostingprocess.Thisisaccomplishedthroughcross-functionaltargetcostingteams,whichanalyzetheproduct'sdesign,rawmaterialrequirements,andmanufacturingprocessestosearchforcostsavingsopportunities.Thecross-functionalteamsemployavarietyofmanagementtoolsandinitiativestohelpthemachievetheirobjectives.Thefollowingsectiondescribessomeofthesetoolsandinitiativesandothercharacteristicsofsuccessfultargetcostingcompanies.
TARGETCOSTINGENABLERS
Thebestpracticecompaniesdemonstratedcertaincommonalitiesintheiroperationsandthewayinwhichtheysupportedthetargetcostingprocess.Theyallhadveryeffectiveorganizationalstructures,respondedtothe“voiceofthecustomer,”streamlinedtheirproductdevelopmentprocess,andactivelyengagedtheirsupplychaintoachievetargetcostingobjectives.Tobetterunderstandthesepractices,wevisitedthefourcompaniesthathadachievedthemostsuccessineacharea.Ourobjectivewastodocument“bestpractices”indeployingthesekeyelementsoftargetcosting.
Ateachbestpracticecompany,targetcostingissupportedbyamatrixorganizationalstructurewhereavertical,functionalorganizationcombineswithhorizontal,cross-functionalteams.Forexample,U.S.OperationsforDaimlerChryslerhasfiveplatformteams