龚娟荣论文定稿.docx

龚娟荣论文定稿.docx

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龚娟荣论文定稿

衡阳师范学院

毕业论文（设计）

题目：

TragedyofTessinTessof

theD’Urbervilles

《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲

剧命运分析

所在系：

外语系

专业：

英语

学号：

07080207

作者姓名：

龚娟荣

指导教师：

颜文娥

2011年4月

OUTLINE

Abstract

KeyWords

I.Introduction

II.ObjectiveFactorsResponsibleforTess’sTragedy

2.1.SocialFactor

2.2.FamilyFactor

2.3.TheInfluencesofAlecandAngel

III.SubjectiveFactorsResponsibleforTess’sTragedy

3.1.Tess’sSelf-EsteemandSelf-Abasement

3.2.Tess’sSelf-Sacrifice

3.3.Tess’sPersonalBelief

IV.Conclusion

Bibliography

中文标题、摘要、关键词

TheTragedyofTessinTessoftheD’Urbervilles

Author:

GongJuanrongNumber:

07080207Tutor:

YanWene

Abstract:

TessoftheD’UrbervillesisthefamousBritishnovelistandpoetThomashardy’smasterpiece.ItisknownasthetreasureofEnglishliteratureandworldliterature.Thenoveldescribesapuregirl’stragicfate.Thisthesistriestoprobetheinevitablefactorsandsignificanceofhertragedyfromtheaspectsofsocialenvironment,religion,moral,family,natureandsoon.

KeyWords:

tragedy;factor;Tess;Alec;Angel.

I.Introduction

Inthelate19thcentury,greatchangeshavetakenplaceinthehistoryofwesterncivilization.Britishsocietywascharacterizedbyreform,turbulenceandintranquility.Thevarioussocialfactorssuchasreligion,politics,science,vacillatedpeopleandtriedtotransformtheirmentality.Andthisperiodwasalsotheageofrailwaywireless,telegraphyandcountlessothermechanicalinventionsthatrevolutionizedthenatureofsocietywithinaveryshortspanoftime.（WangZuoliang,1992:

365）

ThomasHardy（1840-1928）isoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismatthetimeofthe19thcentury.Inhiswholelifehepublishedfourteenaccomplishednovel,forty-sevenshortstories,morethanninehundredpoems.Inhisyouth,HardyhadbeengreatlyinfluencedbysomeliberalthinkerssuchasDarwinandJohnStuartMill.Inhisnovels,Hardyincorporatedmanyofthesethemesinordertoportrayarealworld.Darwin’schallengeledHardytolosefaithinChristianity,andthislackoffaithgavehisnovelstheirtragic,bleakelement.

TessoftheD’UrbervilleswrittenbyThomasHardyin1891,isatragicstoryofabeautifulcountrygirl,TessDurbeyfield.Althoughsheisthedaughterofapoorvillager,shehasbeeneducated,whichintensifiesherbrightness.Sheisapureandloyalyoungwoman.Astheeldestdaughterofthefamily,Tessbearsmuchresponsibilityandsometimesfeelsashamedforherownpoororigin.Inordertosupportthepoorfamily,shehastofollowherparents’adviceandvisittheso-calleddistantrelative—D’Urbervilles.Later,sheisseducedbyAlecD’Urbervilles,thesonofarichmerchantwhohasboughthistitleintotheclassofgentry.Fromthenonherdestinychangesgreatly.Atlast,TessmanagestoeludeAlecandgivesbirthtoherbaby,butshelosesthebabyfinally.Afterthedeathofherbaby,sheleaveshomeandgoestoworkasadairymaidatadistantfarm,whereshemeetsClare,apastor’sson,whowishestoownafarmsomeday.Theyfallinloveandgetmarried.OntheirweddingnightAngelconfessestoherthesinsofhispast,TessforgiveshimandtellshimherstorywithAlec,thinkingthathewouldforgiveherasshedoes.ButAngelcan’tacceptthetruth,hedesertsherandleaveshertoBrazil.AfterAngel’sleaving,Tesslivesaveryhardlife.Unfortunately,shemeetsAlecagainandispursuedbyhimoncemore.WithouthopeforAngel’sback,TesshasnochoicebutgotoAlecagain.Unfortunately,AngelcomestofindTessandtellherhestilllovesher.Now,TesshatesAlecdeeply.WithdeepsadshekillsAlecandrunsawaywithAngel.Theyliveahappylifeintheoutdoors,butafterafewdaystheyareseizedbythepoliceman.Tessishangedatlast.

Tess’stragedyiscausedbymanyreasons.Thefirstoneisherpoorpersonalbackgroundandtheignoranceandvanityofherparents.Secondly,Alecisthecharacterthattheauthorcriticizesstraightforwardinthisnovel.HeisthedirectcausetoTess’stragedy.Thirdly,theconventionaltheorytowardswomenfromAngelisthemostfatalspiritualtorturetoTess.Finally,Tess’stragedyalsocomesfromherself.Ononehand,Tessisbeautiful,intelligent,pure,cleverandkindhearted.Ontheotherhand,sheisfeebleandyielding.Thoughsheisnotsowillingtoworkforthewealthyrelative,sheisobligedtoliveintheD’Urbervillesforanoblepurpose—reducetheloadoftheparents.SuchnoblequalitystartsTess’smisfortune.Alec’sevilness,Angle’shypocrisy,Tess’sfeeblenessandherparents’vanityarethemainreasonsresultinginTess’stragedy.HoweverthemostfundamentalreasonbelongstotheVictoriansociety.Tess’sdegenerationistheconsequenceofthesocialconventionsandreligions.Thisthesistriestoprobetheinevitablefactorsofhertragedyfromtheaspectsofthesocial,family,Alec,Angelandherself.Itmakesusunderstandthatawomanwhowantstoprotectherselfmustbeindependentfromotherpeople.

II.ObjectiveFactorsResponsibleforTess’sTragedyLife

2.1.SocialFactor

Thesocialenvironmentthatshelivesinisthemainreason.ThisstoryhappensinthelateofBritishVictorianera,whenthebourgeoisieisinpower.Besides,withthedevelopmentoftheindustrialrevolution,Englandismakingitsslowtransitionfromanoldfashioned,agriculturalnationtoamodern,industrialone.Therefore,thecapitalisteconomybeginstointrudeintothecountrysidegradually,whichmakesmanypeasantsbecomelandlessandhavetofindnewwaysofliving.Manypeasantsarehiredbyfactoriesinthecountrysideorcities.Theyworkononefarmforaboutayearorsoandthenmovetoanotherone.Tess,asadaughterofapoorvillager,itismoredifficultforhertoliveabetterlifewithherfamilyatthattime.Tosupportthefamily,shecandonothingbutfollowherparents’adviceandvisittheso-calleddistantrelative—D’Urbervilles.Fromthenonherdestinychangedcompletely.

Tess’stragedyismainlycausedbytheoutsidefactor—frombeingrapedtobeingabandonedTesscouldn’tchoosebyherself.Tessisn’twrong;itisthefaultofherlivingworld!

Generallyspeaking,manandwomanshouldbeequal.However,inTess’stimes,maledominatedfemale.Atthattime,menwerepowerful,theymadeallthedecisionsandcontrolledeverything.whilewomenwerenothingbuttheprivatepropertyoftheirhusbands.Malerequestedfemaletobeloyalandbodilypure.Womenmustobeytomen.Wheneithermenorwomenengageinsexuallapses,theformerwouldbeforgivenandthelatterwouldbecondemned.ForTess,shejustmakesabigmistakeinheryoungage,soshecan’tbeforgivenbythesociety.Inthecontrary,AlecandAngelcanbeacceptedbythesocietyjustbecausetheyaremen.

Fromotheraspects,socialinjusticeandclassoppressionarealsothefactorsofTess’stragedy.Angel’smotherdoesnotacceptTessasasuitabledaughter-in-lawbecauseshebelievesthatTesswillbringdownthestatusofthefamily.ShehopesthatAnglewillfindamoresuitablewife.InTess’seyes,marriageisforlove,notforsocial,financial,andreligiousbelief.Tessisagirlwithhighself-esteem,sowhenshehasbeenindifficultiesafterherdad’sdeath,shedoesn’taskAngel’sfamilyforhelp.ThisisonereasonwhyshechoosestolivewithAlecwhensheloseshopeforAngel’sback.What’smore,theoldeconomicrealitiesmakewealthmoreimportantthaninnernobility.Theupperandmiddleclassesremaininpowerandthenewlyrichpeoplecanspendmoneytobuyrespectablesocialstatusandgreatrenownedtitlesforthemselvesandthelatergenerations.SoTesslosestherecognitionofthesociety,andAleccanusehiswealth,socialstatusandtaketheadvantageofTess’sinnocenceandpovertytoseduceheragainandagain.Insummary,itistheunfairclasssystemthatallowsarichnoblemantorapeandabandonalow-classgirlregardlessoftheconsequences.ThesesocialinjusticesbringundeservedsufferingtoTess.

UnequalmoralityforVictorianwomanisanotherfactorforTess’stragedy.Thekeyvirtueissexualpurity,andadulteryistheworstofallpossiblesins.Publicnotionsonsexualmoralsarethatwomenmustremainvirginbeforemarriage.So,withthesamesexualexperience,AngleispardonedbutTessisabused.

2.2.FamilyFactor

Tessisborninapoorfamily,whichhassevenchildren.Herparentsareveryignorantandvaincountrypeddlers.Herfatherisadrunkardandmakeslittleefforttomaintainhisfamilyincomfort.SoTess,astheeldestdaughterinthefamily,hasmoreresponsibilitytosupportthefamily.Onceherparentsgetafalsemessagethattheyarethedescendantsofanancientwealthyfamily,theydecidetosendTesstoclaimkindredwiththeD’Urbervillesfamily.ButTessdoesn’tthinkso.Whilethedeathofthehorseputsthewholefamilyintodesperation,becausethehagglingbusinessmainlydependsonthehorse.Tosupportthefamily,shehasnochoicebutfollowherparents’advice.Fromthenon,herlifeischangedcompletely.Unexpectedly,Alec,thesonoftheD’Urbervilles,wantstodominateTessanduseshisgenerousgifttoTess’sfamilytoseduceTess.Tessisgratefulforwhathehasdoneforherfamily,butshedoesn’twanttobeindebtedtohim.Atfirstshefightswithhim,butapparently,Tessisnomatchfortheplayboy.SheisseducedbyAlecandhastoreturnhomeindisgraceatlast.Tessisavictim,butherfathercan’taccepther,theonlythingthathecaresaboutiswhatotherpeoplewillthinkaboutthecollapseofhisfamily’sfame.Hermotheristhesame,shewantsTesstoriseintheworldbygettingmarriedwitharichmanwithoutthinkingaboutth