国贸重点知识梳理.docx

国贸重点知识梳理.docx

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国贸重点知识梳理

PartoneTheintroduction＆theMercantilism

1.重商主义的特点

themorepreciousmetalstheyhave,themorewealthiertheywillbe

anation’sgovernmentshoulddirectlyintervenecountry’seconomiclifebylimitinggoldexportandincreasingitsimport

developoverseastradingmonopoly

takeadvantageofthecoloniestoproviderawmaterialsandmarketforitsmanufacturedproductsfromthemothercountry

protectdomesticmarketbylayinghightariff

2.重商主义的影响

TheinfluenceofMercantilismonBritisheconomy

MercantilismenhancesthedevelopmentofBritishdomesticindustry.

Encouragethewoolenclothindustrytoobtainspeciebyexportthewoolenclothproducts.

Promotetheoverseabusinessandfacilitatetheshipbuildingindustry.

Mercantilismidentifiesstrengthwiththeaccumulationofspecies

Staticviewofworldresources（zero-sum）

pursueanexcessofexportsoverimports

3.EconomicpoliciespursuedbytheMercantilists

Governmentcontrolledtheuseandexchangeofpreciousmetals.

Prohibitionoftheexportofgold,silver,andotherpreciousmetalsbyindividuals.

Individualcaughtsmugglingspecieweresubjecttoswiftpunishment,oftendeath.

Governmentsgaveexclusivetradingrightsforcertainroutsorareastospecificcompanies.

Exportsweresubsidizedandquotasandhightariffswereplacedonimportsofconsumptiongoods.

4,ThelimitationsoftheMercantilism

Zero-sumgame/Accumulationofcurrencyequalstoanation’swealth/Economyshouldbeundercontrolofanation’sgovernment

5,Theneedforinternationaltrade

Resourcesreasons—scarcity

Economicreasons—economicbenefits

Otherreasons（politicalconsideration,innovation）

6,Barrierstointernationaltrade

Sociocultralbarriers/Economicbarriers/Tradebarriers（tariffsandnon-tariffs）

Solution:

tothinkglobally,buttoactlocally

7,Differencesbetweeninternationaltradeanddomestictrade

Foreignlanguages,laws,customsandregulations/Neededinformationmaybehardtoobtain./Foreigncurrencytransactionwillbenecessary./Culturedifferences/Higherrisklevels/Broaderrangeofmanagementskills

8,Thefuturetrends:

E-commerce

ItsAdvantages

Lowtransactioncost/Integrationofbusinessprocedures

Flexibility/Largecatalogs

9,Visibletrade&invisibletrade

Visibletrade:

tradeingoods

Invisibletrade:

tradeinservices

Fourmodesofinvisibletrade:

Cross-bordersupplyofservice

Consumptionabroad

Commercialpresence

Presenceofnaturalpersons

10,Generaltradesystem&specialtradesystem

Generaltradesystem:

statisticsarecollectedbasedoncountryterritory

Specialtradesystem:

statisticsarecollectedbasedoncustomsterritory

11,Thedegreeofdependenceonforeigntrade

Definition:

Therelativesizeoftradeisoftenmeasuredbycomparingthesizeofacountry’stotalvalueofforeigntradewithitsgrossdomesticproduct.

Howtocalculate:

Totalvalueofforeigntrade/GDP

Theratioofexport/GDP

Theratioofimport/GDP

12,Thetrendsofinternationaltradedevelopment

Developedcountriesarestillplayingthemainrolesininternationaltrade,whileChinaisrisingtoanewforce.

Regionaleconomiccooperationisbecomingatrend.

Tradesinserviceandtechnologydevelopbyleapsandbounds.

Thefightbetweentradeliberalizationandtradeprotectionismwilllastforalongtime.

ParttwoAbsoluteAdvantage＆FactorProportiontheory

13.TheProductionPossibilitiesFrontier

Theproductionpossibilitiesfrontierisagraphshowingthevariouscombinationsofoutputthattheeconomycanpossiblyproducegiventheavailablefactorsofproductionandtechnology.

14．Theabsoluteadvantage

Describestheproductivityofoneperson,firm,ornationcomparedtothatofanother.

Theproducerthatrequiresasmallerquantityofinputstoproduceagoodissaidtohaveanabsoluteadvantageinproducingthatgood.

15.ComparativeAdvantage

Comparesproducersofagoodaccordingtotheiropportunitycost.

Theproducerwhohasthesmalleropportunitycostofproducingagoodissaidtohaveacomparativeadvantageinproducingthatgood.

16.Conclusionofthecomparativeadvantage

Comparativeadvantageanddifferencesinopportunitycostsarethebasisforspecializedproductionandtrade.

Wheneverpotentialtradingpartieshavedifferencesinopportunitycosts,theycaneachbenefitfromtrade.

Tradecanbenefiteveryoneinasocietybecauseitallowspeopletospecializeinactivitiesinwhichtheyhaveacomparativeadvantage.

17.AdamSmith’scontributions

Absoluteadvantage/Thedivisionoflabor

18.Mainideaoftheabsoluteadvantage

Thedivisionoflaborwillincreasep.c.,andthisistheonlyreasonforeconomicdevelopment.（needlemakingindustry）

Thedivisionisbasedonabsoluteadvantage

Thebasisforinternationaldivisionoflaborisfavorablenaturalresourcesandskillsofworkers.

Productivecapacityandproductioncostaretwostandardsforabsoluteadvantage.

19Thereasonsfordivision

Enhancetheproductivecapacity

Theskilloflaborsimprovesbyspecialization.

Thetimecouldbesavedduringtheshiftofworktype.

Themechanicalinventionsarebasedonthespecialization.

20.TheabsoluteadvantageisthechallengetoMercantilism

Anation’swealthisreflectedinitsproductivecapacityratherthantheamountofthepreciousmetals

Specializationwouldgenerateproductivitygains

Freeenvironment

21.Summaryoftheabsoluteadvantageandcomparativeadvantage

Thepersonwhocanproduceagoodwithasmallerquantityofinputshasanabsoluteadvantage.

Thepersonwithasmalleropportunitycosthasacomparativeadvantage.

Interdependenceandtradeallowpeopletoenjoyagreaterquantityandvarietyofgoodsandservices.

Thegainsfromtradearebasedoncomparativeadvantage,notabsoluteadvantage.

Comparativeadvantageappliestocountriesaswellastopeople.

22.Factorproportionstradetheory包括的核心理论

Twocoreconcepts:

factorabundance,factorintensity

Fourtheories：

（注意理清几个理论之间的关系）

H-0theorem/Factorpriceequilibrium/Stolper-Samuelsontheorem/Rybeznskitheorem

23.Factorproportion

Relativeproportionoftwofactorswithacountry（一国所拥有两种生产要素的比例）K/L

Ifacountry’sK/Lislargerthantheothercountry,wesaythiscountryiscapital-abundanceorlabor-scarce,andviceversa.

24.Howtojudgetheabundanceoffactorendowment?

If（k1/l1）

（k2/l2）

Thencountry1iscapitalabundance,andcountry2islaborabundance.

25.Factorintensity

Theproportionoftwofactorsinproducingaproduct.（指生产某种产品所投入两种生产要素的比例）

在只有两种商品（X和Y）、两种要素（劳动和资本）的情况下，如果Y商品生产中使用的资本和劳动的比例大于X商品生产中的资本和劳动的比例，则称Y商品为资本密集型产品，而称X为劳动密集型产品。

26.H-Otheorem（靠山吃山，靠水吃水）的内容

Ifacountryhasrelativecapital-abundance,withlowpriceandlaborfactorisscarcewithhighprice,thecountryshouldproduceandexportthecapital-intensiveproductsandimportthelabor-intensiveproducts.Theothercountry相反。

Afterinternationaldivision,bothcountriesarebetteroff.

27.HowH-Oworks?

28.Factorpriceequilibrium（是H-O定理的推论）

Itinvestigatestheinfluenceonpriceofproductivefactorsbyinternationaltradeandprovesthatfreetradewillleadtofactorpriceequilibrium.

考察了国家贸易对生产要素价格的影响，论证了自由贸易将导致要素价格均等化

29.Factorproportionthermo的结论

Stolper-Samuelsontheorem（SS）

某一商品相对价格的上升，将导致该商品密集使用的生产要素的实际价格或报酬提高，而另一种生产要素的实际价格或报酬则下降。

FurtherconclusionofSS

国际贸易会提高该国丰富要素所有者的实际收入，降低稀缺要素所有者的实际收入。

Thefactor-abundancecountryprefersfreetrade,whilethefactor-scarcitycountrypreferstradebarriers.

30.TheLeontiefParadox的推理方法

AnempiricaltestoftheH-Otheorem

Themethodology—aninput-outputanalysis

Atechniqueofdecomposingaproductintothevaluesandquantitiesofthelabor,capital,andotherpotentialfactorsemployedintheproduct'smanufacture.

31.ExplanationsfortheLeontiefParadox为什么会有悖论？

DifferentskilllevelsoflaborapproachbyKeesing

ThefindingisUSexportsembodiedahigherproportionofcategory

andalowerproportionofcategory

workersthantheexportsofothercountries.

Theproductcycletheory产品生命周期理论

1,Basicinformation（hypothesis）:

TheimitationcyclehypothesisbyPosner

Animitationlag/Ademandlag

Thekeyfeatureisthecomparisonofthelengthoftheimitationlagwiththelengthofthedemandlag.

2,threestagesofthePCT及其特点

Newproductstage

TheproductisonlyproducedinUS

Firmswanttostayclosetothemarketanddetectconsumerresponse

Nointernationaltradetakesplace.

Maturingproductstage

Massproductiontechniquesaretobeadopted

Foreigndemandfortheproductgrows,butjustwithinthedevelopedcountries.

USfirmsbeginstoassesspossibilitiesofproducingabroadifthecostisfavorable.

WithdirectinvestmentbyUS,EuropemightbeabletounderselltheUSinthisproduct.

Standardizedproductstage

Productionmayshifttothedevelopingcountries

Thetheoryofdemandpreferencesimilarity（orincometradetheory）

ProposedbytheSwidisheconomistStaffanLinderin1961

hisconclusion:

a.themostintensivetradewouldexistbetweencountriesofthesameincomeorindustrializationlevelsratherthandissimilarlevels

b.thetheoryimpliedalargepartofinternationaltradewouldconsistoftheexchangeofsimilarorslightlydifferentiatedgoods

PartthreeTheinstrumentofthetradepolicy

32.Tariffbarriers的定义

Atariffisataxleviedonacommoditywhenitcrossestheboundaryofacustomsarea,whichincludesimporttariffandexporttariff.

33.Thepurposesoftariffs

Raisethetaxrevenuesforagovernment

Protectthedomesticmarketandindustry

Adjustthestructureofimportandexportcommoditybyreducingorincreasingt