美国文学名词解释.docx

美国文学名词解释.docx

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美国文学名词解释

Streamofconsciousness（意识流）（orinteriormonologue）;Inliterarycriticism,Streamofconsciousnessdenotesaliterarytechniquewhichseekstodescribeanindividual’spointofviewbygivingthewrittenequivalentofthecharacter’sthoughtprocesses.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisstronglyassociatedwiththemodernistmovement.Itsintroductionintheliterarycontext,transferredfrompsychology,isattributedtoMaySinclair.Streamofconsciousnesswritingisusuallyregardedasaspecialformofinteriormonologueandischaracterizedbyassociativeleapsinsyntaxandpunctuationthatcanmaketheprosedifficulttofollow,tracingastheydoacharacter’sfragmentarythoughtsandsensoryfeelings.famouswriterstoemploythistechniqueintheenglishlanguageincludeJamesJoyceandWilliamFaulkner.

Americanrealism：

（美国现实主义）RealismwasareactionagainstRomanticismandpavedthewaytoModernism;2）.Duringthisperiodanewgenerationofwriters,dissatisfiedwiththeRomanticideasintheoldergeneration,cameupwithanewinspiration.Thisnewattitudewascharacterizedbyagreatinterestintherealitiesoflife.Itaimedattheinterpretationoftherealitiesofanyaspectoflife,freefromsubjectiveprejudice,idealism,orromanticcolor.Insteadofthinkingaboutthemysteriesoflifeanddeathandheroicindividualism,people’sattentionwasnowdirectedtotheinterestingfeaturesofeverydayexistence,towhatwasbrutalorsordid,andtotheopenportayalofclassstruggle;3）sowritersbegantodescribetheintegrityofhumancharactersreactingundervariouscircumstancesandpicturethepioneersofthefarwest,thenewimmigrantsandthestrugglesoftheworkingclass;4）MarkTwainHowellsandHenryJamesarethreeleadingfiguresoftheAmericanRealism.

AmericanNaturalism（美国自然主义文学）：

TheAmericannaturalistsacceptedthemorenegativeinterpretationofDarwin’sevolutionarytheoryandusedittoaccoutforthebehaviorofthosecharactersinliteraryworkswhowereregardedasmoreorlesscomplexcombinationsofinheritedattributes,theirhabitsconditionedbysocialandeconomicforces.2）naturalismisevolvedfromrealismwhentheauthor’stoneinwritingbecomeslessseriousandlesssympatheticbutmoreironicandmorepessimistic.Itisnomorethanagloomyphilosophicalapproachtoreality,ortohumanexistence.3>Dreiserisaleadingfigureofhisschool.

LocalColorism（乡土文学）：

Generallyspeaking,thewritingsoflocalcoloristsareconcernedwiththelifeofasmall,weell-definedregionorprovince.Thecharacteristicsettingistheisolatedsmalltown.2）Localcoloristswereconsciouslynostalgichistoriansofavanishingwayoflife,recordersofapresentthatfadedbeforetheireyes.Yetforalltheirsentimentality,theydedicatedthemselvestominutelyaccuratedescriptionsofthelifeoftheirregions,theyworkedfrompersonalexperiencetorecordthefactsofalocalenvironmentandsuggestedthatthenativelifewasshapedbythecuriousconditionsofthelocal.3）majorlocalcoloristsisMarkTwain.

Imagism（意象主义）：

ImagismcameintobeinginBritainandU.Saround1910asareactiontothetraditionalEnglishpoetrytoexpressthesenseoffragmentationanddislocation.2>theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.3>imagismischaracterizedbythefollowingthreepoeticprinciples:

A.directtreatmentofsubjectmatter;B.economyofexpression;C.asregardsrhythm,tocomposeinthesequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinthesequenceofmetronome.4>pound’sInaStationoftheMetroisawell-knowninagistpoem.

TheLostGeneration（迷惘的一代）：

ThelostgenerationisatermfirstusedbySteintodescribethepost-warIgenerationofAmericanwriters:

menandwomenhauntedbyasenseofbetrayalandemptinessbroughtaboutbythedestructivenessofthewar.2>fullofyouthfulidealism,theseindividualssoughtthemeaningoflife,drankexcessively,hadloveaffairsandcreatedsomeofthefinestAmericanliteraturetodate.3>thethreebest-knownrepresentativesoflostgenerationareF.ScottFitzgerald,hemingwayandJohndosPassos.

TheBeatGeneration（垮掉的一代）:

ThemembersofTheBeatGenerationwerenewbohemianlibertines.Whoengagedinaspontaneous,sometimesmessy,creativity.2>TheBeatwritersproducedabodyofwrittenworkcontroversialbothforitsadvocacyofnon-conformityandforitsnon-conformingstyle.3>themajorbeatwritingsareAllenGinsberg’showl.HowlbecamethemanifestoofTheBeatGeneration.

AJazzage（爵士时代）:

TheJazzAgedescribestheperiodofthe1920sand1930s,theyearsbetweenworldwarIandworldwarII.ParticularlyinnorthAmerica.Withtheriseofthegreatdepression,thevaluesofthisagesawmuchdecline.PerhapsthemostrepresentativeliteraryworkoftheageisAmericanwriterFitzgerald’sTheGreatGatsby.Highlightingwhatsomedescribeasthedecadenceandhedonism,aswellasthegrowthofindividualism.Fitzgeraldislargelycreditedwithcoiningtheterm”JazzAge”.

Feminisim（女权主义）:

Feminisimincorporatesbothadoctrineofequalrightsforwomenandanideologyofsocialtransformationaimingtocreateaworldforwomenbeyondsimplesocialequality.2>ingeneral,feminismisideologyofwomen’sliberationbasedonthebeliefthatwomensufferinjusticebecauseoftheirsex.Underthisbroadumbrellavariousfeminismsofferdifferinganalysesofthecauses,oragents,offemaleoppression.3>definitionsoffeminismbyfeministstendtobeshapedbytheirtraining,ideologyorrace.So,forexample,Marxistandsocialistfeministsstresstheinteractionwithinfeminismofclasswithgenderandfocusonsocialdistinctionsbetweenmenandwomen.Blackfeministsarguemuchmoreforanintegratedanalysiswhichcanunlockthemultiplesystemsofoppression.

HemingwayCodeHero（海明威式英雄）:

HemingwayCodeHero,alsocalledcodehero,isonewho,woundedbutstrongmoresentitive,enjoysthepleasuresoflife（sex,alcohol,sport）infaceofruinanddeath,andmaintains,throughsomenotionofacode,anidealofhimself.2>barnesinthesunalsoRises,henryinaFarewelltoarmsandsantiagointheoldmanandtheseaaretypicalofHemingwayCodeHero

Impressionism（印象主义）:

Impressionismisastyleofpaintingthatgivestheimpressionmadebythesubjectontheartistwithoutmuchattentiontodetails.Writersacceptedthesameconvictionthatthepersonalattitudesandmoodsofthewriterwerelegitimateelementsindepictingcharacterorsettingoraction.2>briefly,itisastyleofliteraturecharacterizedbythecreationofgeneralimpressionsandmoodsratherthatrealisticmood.

Modernism（现代主义）：

Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement,whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.2>modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.3>thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry,fiction,drama,painting,musicandarchitecture.4>inenglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s,inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.5>asfarasliteratureisconcerned,Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrules,traditionsandconventions.freshwaysoflookingatman’spositionandfunctionintheuniverseandmanyexperimentsinformandstyle.itisparticularlyconcernedwithlanguageandhowtouseitandwithwritingitself.

thegildedage:

PlainsIndianswerepushedinaseriesofIndianwarsontorestrictedreservations.Thisperiodalsowitnessedthecreationofamodernindustrialeconomy.Anationaltransportationandcommunicationnetworkwascreated,thecorporationbecamethedominantformofbusinessorganization,andamanagerialrevolutiontransformedbusinessoperations.Bythebeginningofthetwentiethcentury,percapitaincomeandindustrialproductionintheUnitedStatesexceededthatofanyothercountryexceptBritain.Longhoursandhazardousworkingconditions,ledmanyworkerstoattempttoformlaborunionsdespitestrongoppositionfromindustrialistsandthecourts.Aneraofintensepoliticalpartisanship,theGildedAgewasalsoaneraofreform.TheCivilServiceActsoughttocurbgovernmentcorruptionbyrequiringapplicantsforcertaingovernmentaljobstotakeacompetitiveexamination.TheInterstateCommerceActsoughttoenddiscriminationbyrailroadsagainstsmallshippersandtheShermanAntitrustActoutlawedbusinessmonopolies.TheseyearsalsosawtheriseofthePopulistcrusade.Burdenedbyheavydebtsandfallingfarmprices,manyfarmersjoinedthePopulistparty,whichcalledforanincreaseintheamountofmoneyincirculation,governmentassistancetohelpfarmersrepayloans,tariffreductions,andagraduatedincometax.MarkTwaincalledthelatenineteenthcenturythe"GildedAge."Bythis,hemeantthattheperiodwasglitteringonthesurfacebutcorruptunderneath.Inthepopularview,thelatenineteenthcenturywasaperiodofgreedandguile:

ofrapaciousRobberBarons,unscrupulousspeculators,andcorporatebuccaneers,ofshadybusinesspractices,scandal-plaguedpolitics,andvulgardisplay.ItiseasytocaricaturetheGildedAgeasaneraofcorruption,conspicuousconsumption,andunfetteredcapitalism.ButitismoreusefultothinkofthisasmodernAmerica’sformativeperiod,whenanagrariansocietyofsmallproducerswastransformedintoanurbansocietydominatedbyindustrialcorporations.

Regionalism（地区主义）：

Inliterature,regionalismorlocalcolorfictionreferstofictionorpoetrythatfocusesonspecificfeatur