自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx
《自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx(22页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-1/31/ad5f916c-ea72-4a4b-b351-7a1867355d81/ad5f916c-ea72-4a4b-b351-7a1867355d811.gif)
自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料
《英美文学选读》自学资料(英国文学部份)
Contents
Introduction
TheOldEnglishperiod
oPoetry
Alliterativeverse
Themajormanuscripts
Problemsofdating
Religiousverse
Elegiacandheroicverse
oProse
EarlytranslationsintoEnglish
Late10th-and11th-centuryprose
TheEarlyMiddleEnglishperiod
oPoetry
InfluenceofFrenchpoetry
Didacticpoetry
Verseromance
Thelyric
oProse
ThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods
oLaterMiddleEnglishpoetry
Therevivalofalliterativepoetry
Courtlypoetry
ChaucerandGower
PoetryafterChaucerandGower
Courtlypoetry
Popularandsecularverse
Politicalverse
oLaterMiddleEnglishprose
Religiousprose
Secularprose
oMiddleEnglishdrama
oThetransitionfrommedievaltoRenaissance
TheRenaissanceperiod:
1550–1660
oLiteratureandtheage
Socialconditions
Intellectualandreligiousrevolution
Theraceforculturaldevelopment
oElizabethanpoetryandprose
DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage
SidneyandSpenser
Elizabethanlyric
Thesonnetsequence
Otherpoeticstyles
Prosestyles
oElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama
Theatreandsociety
TheatresinLondonandtheprovinces
Professionalplaywrights
ChristopherMarlowe
Shakespeare'sworks
Theearlyhistories
Theearlycomedies
Thetragedies
Shakespeare'slaterworks
PlaywrightsafterShakespeare
BenJonson
MarstonandMiddleton
EarlyStuartdrama
oEarlyStuartpoetryandprose
TheMetaphysicalpoets
Donne
Donne'sinfluence
JonsonandtheCavalierpoets
ContinuedinfluenceofSpenser
EffectofreligionandscienceonearlyStuartprose
Prosestyles
Milton'sviewofthepoet'srole
TheRestoration
oLiteraryreactionstothepoliticalclimate
Thedefeatedrepublicans
WritingsoftheNonconformists
WritingsoftheRoyalists
oMajorgenresandmajorauthorsoftheperiod
Chroniclers
Diarists
Thecourtwits
Dryden
DramabyDrydenandothers
Locke
The18thcentury
oPublicationofpoliticalliterature
Politicaljournalism
Majorpoliticalwriters
Pope
Thomson,Prior,andGay
Swift
Shaftesburyandothers
oThenovel
Themajornovelists
Defoe
Richardson
Fielding
Smollett
Sterne
Minornovelists
oPoetsandpoetryafterPope
Burns
Goldsmith
Johnson'spoetryandprose
TheRomanticperiod
oThenatureofRomanticism
oPoetry
Blake,Wordsworth,andColeridge
OtherpoetsoftheearlyRomanticperiod
ThelaterRomantics:
Shelley,Keats,andByron
Minorpoetsofthelaterperiod
oThenovel:
Austen,Scott,andothers
oMiscellaneousprose
oDrama
ThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras
oEarlyVictorianliterature:
theageofthenovel
Dickens
Thackeray,Gaskell,andothers
TheBrontës
oEarlyVictorianverse
Tennyson
RobertBrowningandElizabethBarrettBrowning
ArnoldandClough
oEarlyVictoriannonfictionalprose
oLateVictorianliterature
Thenovel
Verse
oTheVictoriantheatre
oVictorianliterarycomedy
“Modern”Englishliterature:
the20thcentury
oFrom1900to1945
TheEdwardians
Themodernistrevolution
Anglo-Americanmodernism:
Pound,Lewis,Lawrence,andEliot
Celticmodernism:
Yeats,Joyce,Jones,andMacDiarmid
TheliteratureofWorldWarIandtheinterwarperiod
The1930s
TheliteratureofWorldWarII(1939–45)
oLiteratureafter1945
Fiction
Poetry
Drama
Additionalreading
oGeneralworks
oTheOldEnglishandearlyMiddleEnglishperiods
oThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods
oTheRenaissanceperiod,1550–1660
Elizabethanpoetryandprose
ElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama
EarlyStuartpoetryandprose
oTheRestorationandthe18thcentury
oTheRomanticperiod
oThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras
o“Modern”Englishliterature:
the20thcentury
From1900to1945
Literatureafter1945
Naturalism
Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19th-cent.althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola(1840-1902)wasthedominantpractitionerofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponentofitsdoctrines.
TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,Naturalismischaracterizedbyarefusaltoidealizeexperienceandbythepersuasionthathumanlifeisstrictlysubjectedtonaturallaws.TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehaviour,especiallyinZola,onthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament.
Sentimentalism
I.ThenatureofSentimentalism
v SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.
v Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsof"pity,tenderness,andbenevolence"oversocialduties.
v Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethe"simpleannalsofthepoor”.
v Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.
v Buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateitandsighedforthereturnofthepatriarchaltimeswhichtheyidealized.
v SentimentalismembracesapessimisticoutlookandblamesreasonandtheIndustrialRevolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyand indulgesinsentiment,hencethedefinitesignsofdecadenceintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.
II.SocialbackgroundofSentimentalism
v ThebourgeoisiegainingtheirascendancyinnationalpoliticsinEnglandafterthetworevolutionsof1640and1688.
v ThehandicraftslabourgraduallytransformedtomachineindustryinthecourseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury
v Thenewcapitalistrelationswereestablished.
v Sharpsocialcontradictionsbegantotakeshapeandtothreatentheshort-livedsocialstabilityintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury.
v Thecontinuous,large-scaleenclosuresoflandresultedinruralbankruptcy.
v Thepovertyandmiseryoftheexploitedandunemployedlabouringmassesinthecitiesincreased.
v TheEnlightenmentwhichbelievedineducatingthepeopletobekindandrighteousandupheldreasonasthecure-allforallsocialwrongsandmiseriesdeclined.
v Allthisledtoskepticismanddisbeliefinthemythaboutthebourgeoissocietyasthebestofallpossibleworlds
v Lackofabetterormoresoundsubstituteforreasonastheinstrumenttoreformthenone-too-satisfactoryorevenhighlyunsatisfactorysociety,sentimentorevenanover-doseofsentimentwasindulgedinatleastasasortofreliefifnotasasalvoforthegrievesandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld'swrongs
v Hencesentimentalisminliterature.
III.LiteraryFormsinSentimentalism
v InEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismfirstfounditsfullexpressioninthefortiesandthefifties;Inthelaterdecadesofthecentury,strainsofsentimentalismmaystillbefoundinanumberofthepoemsofWilliamCowper.
v InEnglishdramaofthecentury,thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichardSteelewhosecomedies"TheLyingLover"(1703)and"TheConsciousLovers"containedelementsofsentimentalismasasortofreactiontotheimmoralcomediesofmannersoftheRestorationperiod.
v inthefieldofprosefictionthatsentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression,OliverGoldsmith's"TheVicarofWakefield"maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.
v OliverGoldsmith’spoetryandprosefictionwasquiteanexponentofsentimentalism.
v LaurenceSternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury.
SymbolisminLiterature
byKarenBernardo
Justascharacterizationanddialogueandplotworkonthesurfacetomovethestoryalong,symbolismworksunderthesurfacetotiethestory'sexternalactiontothetheme.Earlyinthedevelopmentofthefictionalnarrative,symbolismwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence.
InJohnBunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress,forexample,everythingandeveryonestandsforsomethingelse.TheprotagonistChristian,tonoone'ssurprise,standsforeveryChristianreader;hisgoal,theCelestialCity,standsforHeaven;theplacesthroughwhichhepassesonhisway--LucreHill,VanityFair,andthelike--standforthetemptationsBunyanfeltthatChristianreaderswerelikelytoencounterontheirjourneytosalvation.EventhenamesofChristian'sfellowtravelers--Mr.Feeble-mind,Great-heart,andthelike--representnotindividualcharactersbutstatesofbeing.
Allegoryisundoubtedlythesimplestwayoffleshingoutatheme,butitisalsotheleastemotiona