自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx

自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料.docx

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自考英语本科英美文学选读英美文学自学资料

《英美文学选读》自学资料（英国文学部份）

Contents

Introduction

TheOldEnglishperiod

oPoetry

Alliterativeverse

Themajormanuscripts

Problemsofdating

Religiousverse

Elegiacandheroicverse

oProse

EarlytranslationsintoEnglish

Late10th-and11th-centuryprose

TheEarlyMiddleEnglishperiod

oPoetry

InfluenceofFrenchpoetry

Didacticpoetry

Verseromance

Thelyric

oProse

ThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods

oLaterMiddleEnglishpoetry

Therevivalofalliterativepoetry

Courtlypoetry

ChaucerandGower

PoetryafterChaucerandGower

Courtlypoetry

Popularandsecularverse

Politicalverse

oLaterMiddleEnglishprose

Religiousprose

Secularprose

oMiddleEnglishdrama

oThetransitionfrommedievaltoRenaissance

TheRenaissanceperiod:

1550–1660

oLiteratureandtheage

Socialconditions

Intellectualandreligiousrevolution

Theraceforculturaldevelopment

oElizabethanpoetryandprose

DevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguage

SidneyandSpenser

Elizabethanlyric

Thesonnetsequence

Otherpoeticstyles

Prosestyles

oElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama

Theatreandsociety

TheatresinLondonandtheprovinces

Professionalplaywrights

ChristopherMarlowe

Shakespeare'sworks

Theearlyhistories

Theearlycomedies

Thetragedies

Shakespeare'slaterworks

PlaywrightsafterShakespeare

BenJonson

MarstonandMiddleton

EarlyStuartdrama

oEarlyStuartpoetryandprose

TheMetaphysicalpoets

Donne

Donne'sinfluence

JonsonandtheCavalierpoets

ContinuedinfluenceofSpenser

EffectofreligionandscienceonearlyStuartprose

Prosestyles

Milton'sviewofthepoet'srole

TheRestoration

oLiteraryreactionstothepoliticalclimate

Thedefeatedrepublicans

WritingsoftheNonconformists

WritingsoftheRoyalists

oMajorgenresandmajorauthorsoftheperiod

Chroniclers

Diarists

Thecourtwits

Dryden

DramabyDrydenandothers

Locke

The18thcentury

oPublicationofpoliticalliterature

Politicaljournalism

Majorpoliticalwriters

Pope

Thomson,Prior,andGay

Swift

Shaftesburyandothers

oThenovel

Themajornovelists

Defoe

Richardson

Fielding

Smollett

Sterne

Minornovelists

oPoetsandpoetryafterPope

Burns

Goldsmith

Johnson'spoetryandprose

TheRomanticperiod

oThenatureofRomanticism

oPoetry

Blake,Wordsworth,andColeridge

OtherpoetsoftheearlyRomanticperiod

ThelaterRomantics:

Shelley,Keats,andByron

Minorpoetsofthelaterperiod

oThenovel:

Austen,Scott,andothers

oMiscellaneousprose

oDrama

ThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras

oEarlyVictorianliterature:

theageofthenovel

Dickens

Thackeray,Gaskell,andothers

TheBrontës

oEarlyVictorianverse

Tennyson

RobertBrowningandElizabethBarrettBrowning

ArnoldandClough

oEarlyVictoriannonfictionalprose

oLateVictorianliterature

Thenovel

Verse

oTheVictoriantheatre

oVictorianliterarycomedy

“Modern”Englishliterature:

the20thcentury

oFrom1900to1945

TheEdwardians

Themodernistrevolution

Anglo-Americanmodernism:

Pound,Lewis,Lawrence,andEliot

Celticmodernism:

Yeats,Joyce,Jones,andMacDiarmid

TheliteratureofWorldWarIandtheinterwarperiod

The1930s

TheliteratureofWorldWarII（1939–45）

oLiteratureafter1945

Fiction

Poetry

Drama

Additionalreading

oGeneralworks

oTheOldEnglishandearlyMiddleEnglishperiods

oThelaterMiddleEnglishandearlyRenaissanceperiods

oTheRenaissanceperiod,1550–1660

Elizabethanpoetryandprose

ElizabethanandearlyStuartdrama

EarlyStuartpoetryandprose

oTheRestorationandthe18thcentury

oTheRomanticperiod

oThePost-RomanticandVictorianeras

o“Modern”Englishliterature:

the20thcentury

From1900to1945

Literatureafter1945

Naturalism

Naturalismisatermofliteraryhistory,primarilyaFrenchmovementinprosefictionandthedramaduringthefinalthirdofthe19th-cent.althoughitisalsoappliedtosimilarmovementsorgroupsofwritersinothercountriesinthelaterdecadesofthe19thandearlyyearsofthe20thcents.InFranceEmileZola（1840-1902）wasthedominantpractitionerofNaturalisminprosefictionandthechiefexponentofitsdoctrines.

    TheemergenceofNaturalismdoesnotmarkaradicalbreakwithRealism,ratherthenewstyleisalogicalextensionofit.Broadlyspeaking,Naturalismischaracterizedbyarefusaltoidealizeexperienceandbythepersuasionthathumanlifeisstrictlysubjectedtonaturallaws.TheNaturalistssharedwiththeearlierRealiststheconvictionthattheeverydaylifeofthemiddleandlowerclassesoftheirowndayprovidedsubjectsworthyofseriousliterarytreatment.Emphasiswaslaidontheinfluenceofthematerialandeconomicenvironmentonbehaviour,especiallyinZola,onthedeterminingeffectsofphysicalandhereditaryfactorsinformingtheindividualtemperament.

Sentimentalism

I.ThenatureofSentimentalism

v      SentimentalismisoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.

v      Alongwithanewvisionoflove,sentimentalismpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason,andpersonalinstinctsof"pity,tenderness,andbenevolence"oversocialduties.

v      Literaryworkofthesentimentalism,markedbyasinceresympathyforthepoverty-stricken,expropriatedpeasants,wrotethe"simpleannalsofthepoor”.

v      Writersofsentimentalismjustlycriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutions.

v      Buttheyattackedtheprogressiveaspectofthisgreatsocialchangeinordertoeliminateitandsighedforthereturnofthepatriarchaltimeswhichtheyidealized.

v      SentimentalismembracesapessimisticoutlookandblamesreasonandtheIndustrialRevolutionforthemiseriesandinjusticesinthearistocratic-bourgeoissocietyand  indulgesinsentiment,hencethedefinitesignsofdecadenceintheliteraryworksofthesentimentaltradition.

II.SocialbackgroundofSentimentalism

v      ThebourgeoisiegainingtheirascendancyinnationalpoliticsinEnglandafterthetworevolutionsof1640and1688.

v      ThehandicraftslabourgraduallytransformedtomachineindustryinthecourseoftheIndustrialRevolutioninthemiddleandlaterdecadesofthe18thcentury

v      Thenewcapitalistrelationswereestablished.

v      Sharpsocialcontradictionsbegantotakeshapeandtothreatentheshort-livedsocialstabilityintheearlydecadesofthe18thcentury.

v      Thecontinuous,large-scaleenclosuresoflandresultedinruralbankruptcy.

v      Thepovertyandmiseryoftheexploitedandunemployedlabouringmassesinthecitiesincreased.

v      TheEnlightenmentwhichbelievedineducatingthepeopletobekindandrighteousandupheldreasonasthecure-allforallsocialwrongsandmiseriesdeclined.

v      Allthisledtoskepticismanddisbeliefinthemythaboutthebourgeoissocietyasthebestofallpossibleworlds

v      Lackofabetterormoresoundsubstituteforreasonastheinstrumenttoreformthenone-too-satisfactoryorevenhighlyunsatisfactorysociety,sentimentorevenanover-doseofsentimentwasindulgedinatleastasasortofreliefifnotasasalvoforthegrievesandheart-achesfelttowardtheworld'swrongs

v      Hencesentimentalisminliterature.

III.LiteraryFormsinSentimentalism

v      InEnglishpoetryofthe18thcentury,sentimentalismfirstfounditsfullexpressioninthefortiesandthefifties;Inthelaterdecadesofthecentury,strainsofsentimentalismmaystillbefoundinanumberofthepoemsofWilliamCowper.

v      InEnglishdramaofthecentury,thetruefounderofsentimentalcomedyhasoftenbeentracedbacktoRichardSteelewhosecomedies"TheLyingLover"（1703）and"TheConsciousLovers"containedelementsofsentimentalismasasortofreactiontotheimmoralcomediesofmannersoftheRestorationperiod.

v      inthefieldofprosefictionthatsentimentalismhaditsmostoutstandingexpression,OliverGoldsmith's"TheVicarofWakefield"maybeconsideredasrepresentativeworksofthiscategory.

v      OliverGoldsmith’spoetryandprosefictionwasquiteanexponentofsentimentalism.

v      LaurenceSternewasthemostprominentandthemosttypicalofthesentimentaltraditionamongallEnglishnovelistsandamongallEnglishwritersofthe18thcentury.

SymbolisminLiterature

　　byKarenBernardo

　　Justascharacterizationanddialogueandplotworkonthesurfacetomovethestoryalong,symbolismworksunderthesurfacetotiethestory'sexternalactiontothetheme.Earlyinthedevelopmentofthefictionalnarrative,symbolismwasoftenproducedthroughallegory,givingtheliteraleventanditsallegoricalcounterpartaone-to-onecorrespondence.

　　InJohnBunyan'sPilgrim'sProgress,forexample,everythingandeveryonestandsforsomethingelse.TheprotagonistChristian,tonoone'ssurprise,standsforeveryChristianreader;hisgoal,theCelestialCity,standsforHeaven;theplacesthroughwhichhepassesonhisway--LucreHill,VanityFair,andthelike--standforthetemptationsBunyanfeltthatChristianreaderswerelikelytoencounterontheirjourneytosalvation.EventhenamesofChristian'sfellowtravelers--Mr.Feeble-mind,Great-heart,andthelike--representnotindividualcharactersbutstatesofbeing.

　　Allegoryisundoubtedlythesimplestwayoffleshingoutatheme,butitisalsotheleastemotiona