考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3.docx
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考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3
2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3
2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.
Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:
exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword‘amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity,and,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.
AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.
AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.
51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas.
[A]sociologyandchemistry
[B]physicsandpsychology
[C]sociologyandpsychology
[D]physicsandchemistry
52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.
[A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation
[B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience
[C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity
[D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones
53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.
[A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation
[B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy
[C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications
[D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs
54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis.
[A]thedevelopmentincommunication
[B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation
[C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge
[D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties
核心词汇:
academic[9AkE5demik]a.学院的;学术性的;(academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀→学术的)
accumulate[E5kju:
mjuleit]vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累);accumulation(n.积累,堆积)即accumulate+tion
amateur[5AmEtE:
]a./n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)(amat+eur人→热爱的人→业余爱好者)
comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟(compar+ison名词后缀)
connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含义(con+not(e)+ation),con前缀“一起”,note记录,ation名词后缀,所有东西都被一起记录在其中→含义
constitute[5kCnstitju:
t]vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命(con一起+stitute→放到一起→构成)
crucial[5kru:
FiEl,5kru:
FEl]a.至关重要的,决定性的
definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明(defin+ition名词后缀→定义)
delay[di5lei]v.耽搁;延误;推迟;延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)
demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.论证,证实;演示,说明(de加强+monster+ate动词→加强显示→证明)
distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫(distinct+ion名词后缀)
emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加强语气;强调;(赋予某事物)特殊的意义、价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀→加强显示→强调)
integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀→使结合)
journal[5dVE:
nl]n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀→日期,杂志)
logical[5lCdVikEl]a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀→说话的学问+al形容词后缀→合乎逻辑的)
overall[5EuvErC:
l]a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服
participate[pa:
5tisipeit]v.参加,参与(parti部分,分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀→进入一部分→参加);participation(n.参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation
primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的状态;首席的职责,重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名词后缀→重要性)
reveal[ri5vi:
l]v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露(re反+veal→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露)
separate[5sepEreit95sepErit]a.分离的,分开的(se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀→分离)
split[split]v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口