考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3.docx

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考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3

2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3

2012年考研英语阅读理解及答案解析3

  Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunits,onemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalisationofscientificactivity.

  Noclearcutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:

exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Nevertheless,theword‘amateur’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunity,and,inparticular,maynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcentury,withitsconsequentrequirementofalonger,morecomplextraining,impliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.Thetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytraining,andcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom.

  AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearch,butalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thus,inthenineteenthcentury,localgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownright;but,inthetwentiethcentury,localstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporate,andreflecton,thewidergeologicalpicture.Amateurs,ontheotherhand,havecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateurs,aresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofrefereeing,firstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopment,separatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocieties,whereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway.

  AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalisationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcentury,itsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerally,however,thenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience.

  51.Thegrowthofspecializationinthe19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas.

  [A]sociologyandchemistry

  [B]physicsandpsychology

  [C]sociologyandpsychology

  [D]physicsandchemistry

  52.Wecaninferfromthepassagethat.

  [A]thereislittledistinctionbetweenspecializationandprofessionalisation

  [B]amateurscancompetewithprofessionalsinsomeareasofscience

  [C]professionalstendtowelcomeamateursintothescientificcommunity

  [D]amateurshavenationalacademicsocietiesbutnolocalones

  53.Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate.

  [A]theprocessofspecializationandprofessionalisation

  [B]thehardshipofamateursinscientificstudy

  [C]thechangeofpoliciesinscientificpublications

  [D]thediscriminationofprofessionalsagainstamateurs

  54.Thedirectreasonforspecializationis.

  [A]thedevelopmentincommunication

  [B]thegrowthofprofessionalisation

  [C]theexpansionofscientificknowledge

  [D]thesplittingupofacademicsocieties

  核心词汇:

  academic[9AkE5demik]a.学院的;学术性的;(academ古希腊哲学家柏拉图及其弟子研究学问的地方+ic形容词后缀→学术的)

  accumulate[E5kju:

mjuleit]vt.堆积,积累,积聚vi.累积,聚积(ac+cumul堆积+ate→堆积起来→积累);accumulation(n.积累,堆积)即accumulate+tion

  amateur[5AmEtE:

]a./n.业余(水平)的(运动员、艺术家等)(amat+eur人→热爱的人→业余爱好者)

  comparison[kEm5pArisn]n.比较,对比,比喻,比拟(compar+ison名词后缀)

  connotation[9cCnEu5teiFEn]n.含蓄,含义(con+not(e)+ation),con前缀“一起”,note记录,ation名词后缀,所有东西都被一起记录在其中→含义

  constitute[5kCnstitju:

t]vt.组成,构成,形成;设立,建立,任命(con一起+stitute→放到一起→构成)

  crucial[5kru:

FiEl,5kru:

FEl]a.至关重要的,决定性的

  definition[9defi5niFEn]n.定义,解释;(轮廓影像等的)清晰度;阐明(defin+ition名词后缀→定义)

  delay[di5lei]v.耽搁;延误;推迟;延期(de不+lay放置→未及时放置好→耽搁)

  demonstrate[5demEnstreit]v.论证,证实;演示,说明(de加强+monster+ate动词→加强显示→证明)

  distinction[dis5tiNkFEn]n.区别,差别;级别;特性;声望;显赫(distinct+ion名词后缀)

  emphasis[5emfEsis]n.加强语气;强调;(赋予某事物)特殊的意义、价值或重要性(em加强语气+phas显示+is名词后缀→加强显示→强调)

  integrate[5intigreit]v.(使)成为一体,(使)结合在一起(integ完整+ate动词后缀→使结合)

  journal[5dVE:

nl]n.定期刊物,杂志,日报;日志,日记(journ日期+al形容词后缀→日期,杂志)

  logical[5lCdVikEl]a.逻辑的,符合逻辑的(log说话+ic名词后缀→说话的学问+al形容词后缀→合乎逻辑的)

  overall[5EuvErC:

l]a.全面的,综合的n.(pl.)(套头)工作服

  participate[pa:

5tisipeit]v.参加,参与(parti部分,分开+cip进入+ate动词后缀→进入一部分→参加);participation(n.参加;分享)即Parti+cip+ation

  primacy[5praimEsi]n.第一或首先的状态;首席的职责,重要性(prim第一,主要的+acy名词后缀→重要性)

  reveal[ri5vi:

l]v.展现,显示,揭示,揭露,告诉,泄露(re反+veal→反盖上→不让盖上→揭露)

  separate[5sepEreit95sepErit]a.分离的,分开的(se分开+par安排+ate动词和形容词后缀→分离)

  split[split]v.裂开,劈开;分裂,分离n.分化,分裂,裂口

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