三维动画设计外文翻译文献.docx

三维动画设计外文翻译文献.docx

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三维动画设计外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

Aestheticsanddesigninthreedimensionalanimationprocess（三维动画过程中的美学与设计）

国外作者：

GokceKececiSekeroglu

文献出处：

《Procedia-SocialandBehavioralSciences》,2012,51（6）:

812-817

字数统计：

英文2872单词，15380字符；中文4908汉字

外文文献：

Aestheticsanddesigninthreedimensionalanimationprocess

AbstractSincetheendofthe20thcentury,animationtechniqueshavebeenwidelyusedinproductions,advertisements,movies,commercials,credits,visualeffects,andsoon,andhavebecomeanindispensablepartofthecinemaandtelevision.Thefastgrowthoftechnologyanditsimpactonallproductionindustryhasenabledcomputer-generatedanimationtechniquestobecomevariedandwidespread.Computeranimationtechniquesnotonlysaveslabourandmoney,butitalsogivestheproducertheoptionofapplyingthetechniqueineithertwodimensional（2D）orthreedimensional（3D）,dependingonthegiventimeframe,scenarioandcontent.Inthe21stcenturycinemaandtelevisionindustry,computeranimationshavebecomemoreimportantthanever.Imaginarycharactersorobjects,aswellaspeople,eventsandplacesthatareeitherdifficultorcostly,orevenimpossibletoshoot,cannowbeproducedandanimatedthroughcomputermodellingtechniques.Nowadays,severalsectorsarebenefitingfromthesespecialisedtechniques.Increaseddemandandapplicationareashaveputthequestionsofaestheticsanddesignintoperspective,henceintroducinganewpointofviewtotheapplicationprocess.Comingoutofnecessity,3Dcomputeranimationshaveaddedanewdimensiontothefieldofartanddesign,andtheyhavebroughtinthequestionofartisticandaestheticvalueinsuchdesigns.

Keywords:

threedimension,animation,aesthetics,graphics,design,film

1.Introduction

Centuriesago,ancientpeoplenotonlyexpressedthemselvesbypaintingstillimagesoncavesurfaces,buttheyalsoattemptedtoconveymotionregardingmomentsandeventsbypaintingimages,whichlaterhelpedestablishthenaturalcourseofeventsinhistory.Suchconcerncontributedgreatlytotheanimationandcinemahistory.

Firstexamplesofanimation,whichdatesbackapproximatelyfourcenturiesago,representsmilestonesinhistoryofcinema.EadweardJ.Muybridgetookseveralphotographswithmultiplecameras（Figure1）andassembledtheindividualimagesintoamotionpictureandinventedthemovieprojectorcalledZoopraxiscopeandwiththeprojectionheheldin1887hewasalsoregardedastheinventorofanearlymovieprojector.Inthataspect,FrenchmenLouisandAugusteLumièrebrothersareoftencreditedasinventingthefirstmotionpictureandthecreatorofcinematography（1895）.

Figure1.EadweardJ.Muybridge’sfirstanimatedpicture

J.StuartBlacktonclearlyrecognisedthattheanimatedfilmcouldbeaviableaestheticandeconomicvehicleoutsidethecontextoforthodoxliveactioncinema.Inparticular,hismovietitledTheHauntedHotel（1907）includedimpressivesupernaturalsequences,andconvincedaudiencesandfinanciersalikethattheanimatedfilmhadunlimitedpotential.（Wells,1998:

14）

“Praxinoscope”-inventedbyFrenchmanCharles-ÉmileReynaud-isoneofthemotionpicturerelatedtoolswhichwasdevelopedandimprovedintime,andtheinventionisconsideredtobethebeginningofthehistoryofanimatedfilms,inthemodernsenseoftheword.Atthebeginningofthe20thcentury,animatedfilmsproducedthroughhand-drawnanimationtechniqueprovedverypopular,andtheworldhistorywasmarkedbythemostrecognisablecartooncharactersintheworldthatwereproducedthroughtheseanimations,suchasLittleNemo（1911）,GertietheDinosaur（1914）,TheSinkingoftheLusitania（1918）,LittleRedRidingHood（1922）,TheFourMusiciansofBremen（1922）MickeyMouse（1928）,SnowWhiteandtheSevenDwarfs（1937）.

NaziregimeinGermanyleadstoseveralimportantanimationfilmproductions.WhenGoebbelscouldnolongerimportDisneymovies,hecommissionedallanimationstudiostodeveloptheatricalcartoons.Uponthis,HansFischerkoesenbegantoproduceanimationfilmsandbyendofthewar,heproducedoverathousandcartoons（Moritz,2003:

320）.

Induecourse,animatedfilmsbecameincreasinglypopular,resultinginnewandsizablesectors,andtheadvancesintechnologymadeexpansionpossible.Fromthenon,thecomputer-generatedproductions,whichthrivedinthe1980's,snowballedintotheindispensablepartofthemoderndaytelevisionandcinema.

TheAmericananimatedmovieAladdingrossedover495milliondollarsworldwide,andrepresentedthesuccessoftheAmericananimationindustry,whichthenledtoanexpansionintoanimatedmovieswhichtargetedadults（Aydın,2010:

110）.

JapanispossiblyjustasassertiveintheanimationfilmsasAmerica.FollowingthesuccessofthefirstJapaneseanimation（anime）calledTheWhiteSnakeEnchantress1958（Figure2）whichresultedinawardsinVenice,MexicoandBerlinfilmfestivals,Japaneseanimesbecameeversopopular,whichledtocontinuousinternationalsuccess.Forexample,themovietitledSpiritedAwaywonanOscarforBestAnimatedFeatureFilm,andbecamethewinnerofthetopprizeatthisyear'sBerlinfilmfestival.Followingtheirever-increasingsuccessinanimeproduction,JapanbecameoneofthemostsoughtafterhubsofanimationindustrybyEuropeanandAmericancompaniesinterestedincollaboration.

Figure2.TheWhiteSnakeEnchantress1958

2.ThreeDimensionalAnimation

Thedevelopmentofanimationtechniques,aprocessthatcanbetracedbacktothe18thcenturybroughtwithitathematicvarietyinanimationgenres.Today,animationtechniquesbasedoncartoons,puppets,stop-motion,shadow,cut-outandtimelapsecanbeappliedbothmanuallyandbasedondigitaltechnology.Furthermoretheuseof3Dcomputergraphicsinthe1976-datedfilm"Futureworld"openedthewayforthistechnologytobeinhighdemandinavarietyofindustries.3Danimationsoccupyacentralroletodayincinema,TV,educationandvideogamesalike,andtheircreativeprocessesinbothrealisticandsurrealtermsseemtoknownolimits.Thisnewmediumthatwithitsmagicalpowersmakestheimpossiblepossibleanddefiesthelawsofphysic（Gökçearslan,2008:

1）openadoorfordesignersandartiststoanunlimitedimagination."Inparticularinthemoviesofthe80s,computer-aidedanimatedeffectsturnedouttobelife-savers,andthefeaturefilmTerminator2（1991）inwhich3Danimationtechnologywasusedforthefirsttimereceivedpraisefrombothaudienceandfilmcritics"（Kaba,1992:

19）.ToyStory（WaltDisneyPictures,1995）,afilmthatbecameverypopularamongaudiencesofallagesduetoitsscript,characters,settingsandanimationtechnique,wasthefirstfully3Danimatedfeaturefilminhistory,andwasfollowedbytwosequels.

Byhelpofthesupportcomingfromthehomeland,anditsformorientedrealisticformat,Disneycharactershavebeenamongstthetopanimatedcharacters.Inordertoachievearealisticproduction,Disneyevenkeptanimalssuchashorses,deer,andrabbitsinthestudios,whiletheartistsstudiedtheirform,movementsandbehaviour.Asforhumancharacters,famousmoviestarsoftheperiodwerehiredasareferencepointforhumanformandbehaviour.（Gökçearslan,2009:

80）.

AnotherAmericanmovie"Shrek"（2001）createdbyWilliamSteig,whosebookShrek（1990）formedbasisfortheDreamWorksPicturesfulllength3Danimationfilm,attractedmillionsofpeople.Themovieisagreatexampleofacleverandaestheticallypleasingcombinationofpowerfulimaginationandrealisticdesign.Also,bymeansofcertaindialoguesandjokes,thethemeof"valuejudgement"issimplifiedinawaythatitisalsounderstoodbychildren.Theseareamongsttwoundeniablefactorswhicharethoughttohavecontributedtotheworldwidesuccessofthemovie.

Mostsuccessful3DanimationmoviesareofAmericanmake.Theimportanceofbudget,historicalandpoliticalfactors,aswellascontextualandstylisticfactorswhichbringinsimplicityandclaritytothemoviesisincontrovertible.

“Theeraofthepost-photographicfilmhasarrived,anditisclearthatfortheanimator,thecomputerisessentially"anotherpencil".Arguably,thishasalreadyreacheditszenithinPIXAR'sMonstersInc.Consequently,itremainsimportanttonotethatwhileEuropehasretainedatraditionofauteuristfilmmaking,alsoechoedelsewhereinRussia,China,andJapan,theUnitedStateshasoftenimmerseditsanimationwithinaSpecialEffectstradition,andasanadjuncttoliveactioncinema.”（Wells,2002:

2）.

3.AestheticsandDesigninThreeDimensionalAnimations

Low-budgetandhigh-budget3Danimationmoviesgothroughthesameprocess,regardless.Thisprocessisnecessaryinordertoputseveralelementstogetherproperly.

Thefirststepistowriteupashorttextcalledsynopsis,whichaimstooutlinethemovieplot,contentandtheme.Followingtheapprovalofthesynopsis,thecreativeteammovesontostoryboarding,whereillustrationsorimagesaredisplayedinsequenceforthepurposeofvisualisingthemovie（Figure3）.Storyboardingprocessreflects3Danimator'sperspectiveandtheelementsthatareaimedtobeconveyedtotheaudience.Theanimationartistsgivelifetoascenario,andaddatouchoftheirpersonalitytothecharactersandenvironment.“"GoneWithTheWind"isthefirstmoviewherethestoryboardingtechnique,whichwasinitiallyusedinWaltDisneyStudiosduringtheproductionprocessofanimatedmovies,wasusedforanon-animationmovie,andsincethe1940's,ithasbeenanindispensiblepartofthefilmindustry.

Figure3:

ToyStory,storyboarding,Pixar

Storyboardartistsarethestapleoffilmindustry,andtheyaretheoneswhoeithermakeorbreakthedesignandaesth