新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结.docx
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新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结
1.autonomous:
independent,abletotakedecisionswithoutconsultingahigherauthority
2.decentralization:
dividinganorganizationintodecision-makingunitsthatarenotcentrallycontrolled.
3.function:
aspecificactivityinacompany,e.g.production,marketing,finance
4.hierarchy:
systemofauthoritywithdifferentlevels,oneabovetheother.
5.lineauthority:
thepowertogiveinstructionstopeopleatthelevelbelowinthechainofcommand
6.reportto:
toberesponsibletosomeoneandtotakeinstructionsfromhimorher
7.subordinates:
peopleworkingundersomeoneelseinahierarch
8.industrialbelt:
anareawithlotsofindustrialcompanies,aroundtheedgeofacity
9.wealth:
theproductsofeconomicactivity
10.productivity:
theamountofoutputproduced(inacertainperiod,usingacertainnumberofinputs
11.corporateethos:
acompany’swaysofworkingandthinking
12.collaboration:
workingtogetherandsharingideas
13.insulatedorisolated:
alone,placedinapositionawayfromothers
14.fragmentation:
breakingsomethingupintopieces
15.motivate:
Toinspire,toinduce,togiveareasonorincentivetosomeonetodosomething.
16.employee:
Apersonemployedbysomeoneelse,workingformoney.
17.laborrelations:
Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees,managersandworkers,managementandunions.
18.responsibility:
Havingcontrolofsomethingaspartofyourjob
19.wages:
Moneypaid(perhourordayorweek)tomanualworkers
20.salary:
Afixedregularpaymentmadebyemployers,usually,forprofessionalorofficework.
21.benefitsorperks:
Advantagesthatcomewithajob,apartfromwagesorsalary.
22.promotion:
Toberaisedtoahigherrankorbetterjob.
23.jobsecurity:
Knowingthatthereislittleriskoflosingone’sjob.
24.skilled:
Havingparticularabilities,acquiredbytraining.
25.subcontractor:
Anycompanythatprovidesgoodsorservicesforanotherone
26.component:
Anyofthepiecesorpartsthatmakeupaproduct,machine,etc.
27.outsourcingorcontractingout:
Buyingproductsorprocessedmaterialsfromothercompaniesratherthanmanufacturingthem
28.capacity:
The(maximum)rateofoutputthatcanbeachievedfromaproductionprocess
29.plant:
Thebuildings,machines,equipmentandotherfacilitiesusedintheproductionprocess
30.location:
Thegeographicalsituationofafactoryorotherfacility:
31.inventory:
Thestockofanyitemorresourceusedinanorganization(includingrawmaterials,parts,supplies,workinprocessandfinishedproducts)
32.leadtime:
Thetimeneededtoperformanactivity(i.e.tomanufactureordeliversomething)
33.distributionchannel:
allthecompaniesorindividualsinvolvedinmovingaparticularkindofgoodsorservicefromtheproducertotheconsumer.
34.tolaunchaproduct:
tointroduceanewproductontothemarket.
35.marketopportunities:
possibilitiesoffillingunsatisfiedneedsinsectorsinwhichacompanycanprofitablyproducegoodsorservices
36.marketresearch:
collecting,analyzingandreportingdatarelevanttoaspecificmarketingsituation(suchasaproposednewproduct)
37.marketsegmentation:
dividingamarketintodistinctgroupsofbuyerswhohavedifferentrequirementsorbuyinghabits
38.packaging:
wrappersandcontainersinwhichproductsaresold
39.pointsofsale:
placeswheregoodsaresoldtothepublic–shops,stores,kiosks,marketstalls,etc.
40.productconcept:
anideaforanewproduct,whichistestedwithtargetconsumersbeforetheactualproductisdeveloped
41.productfeatures:
attributesorcharacteristicsofaproduct:
quality,price,reliability,etc.
42.salesrepresentative:
someonewhocontactsexistingandpotentialcustomers,andtriestopersuadethemtobuygoodsorservices
43.Word-of-mouthadvertising:
freeadvertising,whensatisfiedcustomersrecommendproductstotheirfriends.
44.Institutionalorprestigeadvertising:
advertisingthatmentionsacompany’snamebutnotspecificproducts.
45.Advertisingagencies:
companiesthathandleadvertisingforclients.
46.Anaccount:
acontractwithacompanytoproduceitsadvertising.
47.Anadvertisingbudget:
theamountofmoneyacompanyplanstospendindevelopingitsadvertisingandbuyingmediatimeorspace.
48.Abrief:
thestatementofobjectivesofanadvertisingcampaignthataclientworksoutwithanadvertisingagency.
49.Advertisingcampaign:
theadvertisingofaparticularproductorserviceduringaparticularperiodoftime.
50.Targetcustomersortargetmarket:
adefinedsetofcustomerswhoseneedsacompanyplanstosatisfy.
51.Mediaplanners:
thepeoplewhochoosewheretoadvertise,inordertoreachtherightcustomers.
52.Thethresholdeffect:
thefactthatacertainamountofadvertisingisnecessarytoattractaprospectivecustomer’sattention.
53.Thecomparative-paritymethod:
choosingtospendthesameamountonadvertisingasone’scompetitors.
54.Counter-cyclicaladvertising:
advertisingduringperiodsorseasonswhensalesarenormallyrelativelypoor.
55.Bookkeeping:
writingdownthedetailsoftransactions(debitsandcredits)
56.Accounting:
keepingfinancialrecords,recordingincomeandexpenditure,valuingassetsandliabilities,andsoon
57.Managerialaccounting:
preparingbudgetsandotherfinancialreportsnecessaryformanagement
58.Costaccounting:
workingouttheunitcostsofproducts,includingmaterials,laborandallotherexpenses
59.Taxaccounting:
calculatinganindividual’soracompany’sliabilityfortax
60.Auditing:
inspectionandevaluationofaccountsbyasecondsetofaccountants
61.‘Creativeaccounting’:
usingallavailableaccountingproceduresandtrickstodisguisethetruefinancialpositionofacompany
62.shareholdersorstockholders:
Acompany’sowners
63.earningsorincome:
Therevenuesreceivedbyacompanyduringagivenperiod,minusthecostofsales,operatingexpenses,andtaxes
64.liabilities:
Allthemoneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelseinthefuture,includingtaxes,debts,andinterestandmortgagepayments
65.turnover:
Theamountofbusinessdonebyacompanyoverayear
66.assets:
Anythingownedbyabusiness(cashinvestments,buildings,machines,andsoon)thatcanbeusedtoproducegoodsorpayliabilities
67.depreciationoramortization:
Thereductioninvalueofafixedassetduringtheyearsitisinuse(chargedagainstprofits)
68.debtorsoraccountsreceivable:
Sumsofmoneyowedbycustomersforgoodsorservicespurchasedoncredit
69.creditorsoraccountspayable:
Sumsofmoneyowedtosuppliersforpurchasesmadeoncredit
70.stockorinventory:
(Thevalueof)rawmaterials,workinprogress,andfinishedproductsstoredreadyforsale
71.overheadsoroverhead:
Thevariousexpensesofoperatingabusinessthatcannotbechargedtoanyoneproduct,processordepartment
72.Overdraft:
anarrangementbywhichacustomercanwithdrawmorefromabankaccountthanhasbeendepositedinit,uptoanagreedlimit;interestonthedebtiscalculateddaily.
73.Creditcard:
acardwhichguaranteespaymentforgoodsandservicespurchasedbythecardholder,whopaysbackthebankorfinancecompanyatalaterdate.
74.CashdispenserorATM:
acomputerizedmachinethatallowsbankcustomerstowithdrawmoney,checktheirbalance,andsoon
75.Loan:
afixedsumofmoneyonwhichinterestispaid,lentforafixedperiod,andusuallyforaspecificpurpose
76.Standingorderordirectdebit:
aninstructiontoabanktopayfixedsumsofmoneytocertainpeopleororganizationsatstatedtimes.
77.Mortgage:
aloan,usuallytobuyproperty,whichservesasasecurityfortheloan
78.Cashcard:
aplasticcardissuedtobankcustomersforuseincashdispensers
79.Homebanking:
doingbankingtransactionsbytelephoneorfromone’sownpersonalcomputer
80.Currentorcheckingaccount:
onethatgenerallypayslittleornointerest,butallowstheholdertowithdrawhisorhercashwithoutanyrestrictions
81.Depositortimeornoticeaccount:
onethatpaysinterest,butusuallycannotbeusedforpayingcheques(GB)orchecks(US),andonwhichnoticeisoftenrequiredtowithdrawmoney
82.Deposit:
toplacemoneyinabank;ormoneyplacedinabank
83.Foreigncurrencies:
themoneyusedincountriesotherthanone’sown
84.Yield:
howmuchmoneyaloanpays,expressedasapercentage
85.Liquidity:
availablecash,andhoweasilyotherassetscanbeturnedintocash
86.Maturity:
thedatewhenaloanbecomesrepayable
87.Underwrite:
toguaranteetobuyallthenewsharesthatacompanyissues,iftheycannotbesoldtothepublic
88.Takeover:
whenacompanybuysoracquiresanother
89.Merger:
whenacompanycombineswithanotherone
90.Stockbroking:
buyingandsellingstocksorsharesforclients
91.Portfoliomanagement:
takingcareofallaclient’sinvestments
92.Deregulation:
theendingorrelaxingoflegalrestrictions
93.Conglomerate:
agroupofcompanies,operatingindifferentfields,thathavejoinedtogether
94.Bluechip:
acompanyconsideredtobewithoutrisk
95.Solvency:
abilitytopayliabilitieswhentheybecomedue
96.Collateral:
anythingthatactsasasecurityoraguaranteeforaloan
97.liability:
havingaresponsibilityoranobligationtodosomething,e.g.topayadebt
98.creditor:
apersonororganizationtowhommoneyisowed(forgoodsorservicesrendered,orasrepaymentofaloan)
99.bankrupt:
tobeinsolvent:
unabletopaydebts.
100.assets:
everythingofvalueownedbyabusinessthatanbeusedtoproducegoods,payliabilities,andsoon
101.toliquidate:
tosellallthepossessionsofabankruptbusiness.
102.liabilities:
moneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelse(bills,taxes,debts,interestadmortgagepay