新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结.docx

新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结.docx

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新剑桥商务英语高级单词总结

1.autonomous:

independent,abletotakedecisionswithoutconsultingahigherauthority

2.decentralization:

dividinganorganizationintodecision-makingunitsthatarenotcentrallycontrolled.

3.function:

aspecificactivityinacompany,e.g.production,marketing,finance

4.hierarchy:

systemofauthoritywithdifferentlevels,oneabovetheother.

5.lineauthority:

thepowertogiveinstructionstopeopleatthelevelbelowinthechainofcommand

6.reportto:

toberesponsibletosomeoneandtotakeinstructionsfromhimorher

7.subordinates:

peopleworkingundersomeoneelseinahierarch

8.industrialbelt:

anareawithlotsofindustrialcompanies,aroundtheedgeofacity

9.wealth:

theproductsofeconomicactivity

10.productivity:

theamountofoutputproduced（inacertainperiod,usingacertainnumberofinputs

11.corporateethos:

acompany’swaysofworkingandthinking

12.collaboration:

workingtogetherandsharingideas

13.insulatedorisolated:

alone,placedinapositionawayfromothers

14.fragmentation:

breakingsomethingupintopieces

15.motivate:

Toinspire,toinduce,togiveareasonorincentivetosomeonetodosomething.

16.employee:

Apersonemployedbysomeoneelse,workingformoney.

17.laborrelations:

Relationsbetweenemployersandemployees,managersandworkers,managementandunions.

18.responsibility:

Havingcontrolofsomethingaspartofyourjob

19.wages:

Moneypaid（perhourordayorweek）tomanualworkers

20.salary:

Afixedregularpaymentmadebyemployers,usually,forprofessionalorofficework.

21.benefitsorperks:

Advantagesthatcomewithajob,apartfromwagesorsalary.

22.promotion:

Toberaisedtoahigherrankorbetterjob.

23.jobsecurity:

Knowingthatthereislittleriskoflosingone’sjob.

24.skilled:

Havingparticularabilities,acquiredbytraining.

25.subcontractor:

Anycompanythatprovidesgoodsorservicesforanotherone

26.component:

Anyofthepiecesorpartsthatmakeupaproduct,machine,etc.

27.outsourcingorcontractingout:

Buyingproductsorprocessedmaterialsfromothercompaniesratherthanmanufacturingthem

28.capacity:

The（maximum）rateofoutputthatcanbeachievedfromaproductionprocess

29.plant:

Thebuildings,machines,equipmentandotherfacilitiesusedintheproductionprocess

30.location:

Thegeographicalsituationofafactoryorotherfacility:

31.inventory:

Thestockofanyitemorresourceusedinanorganization（includingrawmaterials,parts,supplies,workinprocessandfinishedproducts）

32.leadtime:

Thetimeneededtoperformanactivity（i.e.tomanufactureordeliversomething）

33.distributionchannel:

allthecompaniesorindividualsinvolvedinmovingaparticularkindofgoodsorservicefromtheproducertotheconsumer.

34.tolaunchaproduct:

tointroduceanewproductontothemarket.

35.marketopportunities:

possibilitiesoffillingunsatisfiedneedsinsectorsinwhichacompanycanprofitablyproducegoodsorservices

36.marketresearch:

collecting,analyzingandreportingdatarelevanttoaspecificmarketingsituation（suchasaproposednewproduct）

37.marketsegmentation:

dividingamarketintodistinctgroupsofbuyerswhohavedifferentrequirementsorbuyinghabits

38.packaging:

wrappersandcontainersinwhichproductsaresold

39.pointsofsale:

placeswheregoodsaresoldtothepublic–shops,stores,kiosks,marketstalls,etc.

40.productconcept:

anideaforanewproduct,whichistestedwithtargetconsumersbeforetheactualproductisdeveloped

41.productfeatures:

attributesorcharacteristicsofaproduct:

quality,price,reliability,etc.

42.salesrepresentative:

someonewhocontactsexistingandpotentialcustomers,andtriestopersuadethemtobuygoodsorservices

43.Word-of-mouthadvertising:

freeadvertising,whensatisfiedcustomersrecommendproductstotheirfriends.

44.Institutionalorprestigeadvertising:

advertisingthatmentionsacompany’snamebutnotspecificproducts.

45.Advertisingagencies:

companiesthathandleadvertisingforclients.

46.Anaccount:

acontractwithacompanytoproduceitsadvertising.

47.Anadvertisingbudget:

theamountofmoneyacompanyplanstospendindevelopingitsadvertisingandbuyingmediatimeorspace.

48.Abrief:

thestatementofobjectivesofanadvertisingcampaignthataclientworksoutwithanadvertisingagency.

49.Advertisingcampaign:

theadvertisingofaparticularproductorserviceduringaparticularperiodoftime.

50.Targetcustomersortargetmarket:

adefinedsetofcustomerswhoseneedsacompanyplanstosatisfy.

51.Mediaplanners:

thepeoplewhochoosewheretoadvertise,inordertoreachtherightcustomers.

52.Thethresholdeffect:

thefactthatacertainamountofadvertisingisnecessarytoattractaprospectivecustomer’sattention.

53.Thecomparative-paritymethod:

choosingtospendthesameamountonadvertisingasone’scompetitors.

54.Counter-cyclicaladvertising:

advertisingduringperiodsorseasonswhensalesarenormallyrelativelypoor.

55.Bookkeeping:

writingdownthedetailsoftransactions（debitsandcredits）

56.Accounting:

keepingfinancialrecords,recordingincomeandexpenditure,valuingassetsandliabilities,andsoon

57.Managerialaccounting:

preparingbudgetsandotherfinancialreportsnecessaryformanagement

58.Costaccounting:

workingouttheunitcostsofproducts,includingmaterials,laborandallotherexpenses

59.Taxaccounting:

calculatinganindividual’soracompany’sliabilityfortax

60.Auditing:

inspectionandevaluationofaccountsbyasecondsetofaccountants

61.‘Creativeaccounting’:

usingallavailableaccountingproceduresandtrickstodisguisethetruefinancialpositionofacompany

62.shareholdersorstockholders:

Acompany’sowners

63.earningsorincome:

Therevenuesreceivedbyacompanyduringagivenperiod,minusthecostofsales,operatingexpenses,andtaxes

64.liabilities:

Allthemoneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelseinthefuture,includingtaxes,debts,andinterestandmortgagepayments

65.turnover:

Theamountofbusinessdonebyacompanyoverayear

66.assets:

Anythingownedbyabusiness（cashinvestments,buildings,machines,andsoon）thatcanbeusedtoproducegoodsorpayliabilities

67.depreciationoramortization:

Thereductioninvalueofafixedassetduringtheyearsitisinuse（chargedagainstprofits）

68.debtorsoraccountsreceivable:

Sumsofmoneyowedbycustomersforgoodsorservicespurchasedoncredit

69.creditorsoraccountspayable:

Sumsofmoneyowedtosuppliersforpurchasesmadeoncredit

70.stockorinventory:

（Thevalueof）rawmaterials,workinprogress,andfinishedproductsstoredreadyforsale

71.overheadsoroverhead:

Thevariousexpensesofoperatingabusinessthatcannotbechargedtoanyoneproduct,processordepartment

72.Overdraft:

anarrangementbywhichacustomercanwithdrawmorefromabankaccountthanhasbeendepositedinit,uptoanagreedlimit;interestonthedebtiscalculateddaily.

73.Creditcard:

acardwhichguaranteespaymentforgoodsandservicespurchasedbythecardholder,whopaysbackthebankorfinancecompanyatalaterdate.

74.CashdispenserorATM:

acomputerizedmachinethatallowsbankcustomerstowithdrawmoney,checktheirbalance,andsoon

75.Loan:

afixedsumofmoneyonwhichinterestispaid,lentforafixedperiod,andusuallyforaspecificpurpose

76.Standingorderordirectdebit:

aninstructiontoabanktopayfixedsumsofmoneytocertainpeopleororganizationsatstatedtimes.

77.Mortgage:

aloan,usuallytobuyproperty,whichservesasasecurityfortheloan

78.Cashcard:

aplasticcardissuedtobankcustomersforuseincashdispensers

79.Homebanking:

doingbankingtransactionsbytelephoneorfromone’sownpersonalcomputer

80.Currentorcheckingaccount:

onethatgenerallypayslittleornointerest,butallowstheholdertowithdrawhisorhercashwithoutanyrestrictions

81.Depositortimeornoticeaccount:

onethatpaysinterest,butusuallycannotbeusedforpayingcheques（GB）orchecks（US）,andonwhichnoticeisoftenrequiredtowithdrawmoney

82.Deposit:

toplacemoneyinabank;ormoneyplacedinabank

83.Foreigncurrencies:

themoneyusedincountriesotherthanone’sown

84.Yield:

howmuchmoneyaloanpays,expressedasapercentage

85.Liquidity:

availablecash,andhoweasilyotherassetscanbeturnedintocash

86.Maturity:

thedatewhenaloanbecomesrepayable

87.Underwrite:

toguaranteetobuyallthenewsharesthatacompanyissues,iftheycannotbesoldtothepublic

88.Takeover:

whenacompanybuysoracquiresanother

89.Merger:

whenacompanycombineswithanotherone

90.Stockbroking:

buyingandsellingstocksorsharesforclients

91.Portfoliomanagement:

takingcareofallaclient’sinvestments

92.Deregulation:

theendingorrelaxingoflegalrestrictions

93.Conglomerate:

agroupofcompanies,operatingindifferentfields,thathavejoinedtogether

94.Bluechip:

acompanyconsideredtobewithoutrisk

95.Solvency:

abilitytopayliabilitieswhentheybecomedue

96.Collateral:

anythingthatactsasasecurityoraguaranteeforaloan

97.liability:

havingaresponsibilityoranobligationtodosomething,e.g.topayadebt

98.creditor:

apersonororganizationtowhommoneyisowed（forgoodsorservicesrendered,orasrepaymentofaloan）

99.bankrupt:

tobeinsolvent:

unabletopaydebts.

100.assets:

everythingofvalueownedbyabusinessthatanbeusedtoproducegoods,payliabilities,andsoon

101.toliquidate:

tosellallthepossessionsofabankruptbusiness.

102.liabilities:

moneythatacompanywillhavetopaytosomeoneelse（bills,taxes,debts,interestadmortgagepay