考研英汉翻译实践笔记之放在名词后的分词.docx
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考研英汉翻译实践笔记之放在名词后的分词
考研英汉翻译实践笔记之放在名词后的分词
放在名词后的分词多数是分词短语，它可以变成一个定语从句（尽管定语从句不一定都能变成分词短语）：
1/表示一时动作的分词短语：
Thedangerthreateningtheworld（=whichisthreateningthearea）istoomanypeoplewithtoolittlefood.
Theylookedonatthecitybeingattackedbytheenemy（=whichwasbeingattackedbytheenemy）.
Themanbeingfollowedbyguards（=whoarebeingfollowedbyguards）isapartyleader.
2/表示长久特点的分词短语：
Amanrespectingothers（=whorespectsothers）willberespected.
Canyouteachaboyrefusingtobetaught（=whorefusestobetaught）?
Itisdifficulttosaveamanenchantedbythebeautyofawoman.
Bookscalledthecomics（=thatarecalledthecomics）aresometimesharmfultochildren.
Anybookswellread（=thatarewellread）aregoodbooksandanymenwelltreatedaregoodmen.
2）名词前作定语的分词
a）用在名词前的不及物现在分词
名词前的现在分词多数为不及物动词：
Thetremblingcriminalhunghishead.
Doyouseethefloatingbridgethere?
Sheisadotingmother.
Theexistingsituationwilllastsomeyears.
Inthefieldarenoddingtrees,murmuringrivulets,smilingflowers,singingbirds,swimmingducksandplayingchildren.
Heisanuncompromisingdiplomat.
Itprovesfutileinspiteofalluntiringefforts.
Thisuprightmanalwaystakesanunswervingcourse.
Itisanunavailingplot.
Thereisanundyingfriendshipbetweenthem.
b）用在名词前的及物现在分词
1/意义上的宾语为‘人’的情况：
及物动词的分词也可用在名词前面，但它们大多表示情绪。
它们的意义上的宾语指一般人或某些人，是不说出的。
Itisacharmingstory=Itisastorythatcharmsus（me,youoranyone）.
Wehaveanencouragingprospect.=Wehaveaprospectthatencouragesus.
Thisexcitingexperiencemadehimsleepless.=Thisexperience,whichexcitedhim,madehimsleepless.
Itisaninteresting（orsurprising,amazing,moving,entertaining,affecting）story.
Hehasapuzzlingproblemtosolve.
Intheforesttherehappenedashocking（orfrightening）caseofmurder.
Herfascinatingeyesandhertemptingmouthputyouinareverie.
Itisamisleadingstatement,adeceivingpromise.
Anunconvincingrumorspreadoverthecity.
2/意义上的宾语为‘物’的情况：
有少数及物动词的分词，它们的意义上的宾语也不说出，却是指‘物’的，这时要经过琢磨才知道宾语是什么：
Itisanarrestingsight（=asightthatarrestssomebody'sattention）,animploringlook（=alookthatimploressomebody'shelp）,arevealingstory（=astorythatrevealsthingshiddenorkeptsecret）,adeservingcause（=acausethatdeservessympathyorhelp）.
Heisagraspingattorney（anattorneywhoareeagertograspmoney）.
Aknowingman（=amanwhoknowsallthesecret）,
anunderstandingman（amanwhounderstandsothers'feelings）,
aforbiddingheadmaster（=aheadmasterwhoforbidsotherstoapproachortolikehim）,
alovingfather（=afatherwholoveschildrenorothers）,
apromisingyouth（ayouthwhopromisestosuceed）,
adesigningbusinessman（=abisinessmanwhodesignssomeintrigues）,
anunfeelingjudge（=judgewhofeelsnosympathy）,
anunforgivingfather（=afatherwhodoesnotforgiveanyfault）,
anunthinkingplayboy（=aplayboywhodoesnotthinkoftheconsequences）
anunsparinghousewife（=housewilfewhodoesnotsparemoney）,
anunassumingscholar（=ascholarwhodoesnotassumeimportance）,
anunpretendingmanager（=amanagerwhodoesnotpretendimportance）.
c）用在名词前的及物过去分词
1/一般过去分词：
及物动词的过去分词常可用在名词前作它的修饰语。
它表示同句谓语动词所表示的动作发生时正在被进行的一个动作，也可以表示那时之前一个被动动作的后果：
Heisanhonouredabdrespectedprofessor（=professorwhoishonouedandrespected）.
Weliveinacrowdedarea.
Theoppressednatonsarebeginningtorise.
Thepersecutedpatriothidhimselfinthejungle.
Idrinkboiledwater（=waterthathasbeenboiledbefore,butisnomoreboiledandisfreefromgermsnow）.
Therearemanytrainednurses（=nurseswhohavebeentrainedbefore,butareefficientnow）inthishospital.
Don'ttreadonthebrokenglass（=glassthathasbeenbrokenbefore,butmayhurtsomebody'sfeetnow）.
Usedcarscostcheaperthannewones.
Therearethousandsofwoundedsoldiersinthislostbattle.
Heisaqualifiedteacher.
2/已失去动词特点的分词：
a/以-en（或-n）结尾的过去分词
有不少过去分词已失去动词特点，成为纯粹的形容词，它们有些以-en（或-n）结尾：
Hishonestyisaprovenfact.
Ilikefrozenfruit.
Thisisthetombofforgottenheroes.
Howhotismolteniron?
Itissaidthedevilhasclovenhoofs.
Somedrunkensailorsarefightinginthestreet.
Doyouseethehiddenmeaningofthisletter?
下面词组中也包含这种分词：
drivensnow,woventhread,sawntimber,hewntimber,asunkencheek,shrunkenclothes,arottenegg,ashornlamb,agavenimage,aterror-strickenchild,adown-troddenpeople,ill-gottenmoney,aswollenface,acarvenimage,hisbrokenpromise.
b/带un-前缀的过去分词：
"Thatisanunfoundedrumour.""No,itisanundoubtedfact."
Thereareunnumbered（oruntold）crimesinthissmallcity.
Theenemysuddenlyattackedthisunguardedcity.
Hisunaffected（orunfeigned）mannersmakemelovehim.
Arichmanhastohearunearnedpraisefromtimetotime.
Whatisthemostimportantthingforanunderdevelopedcountry?
Thatisanunheard-of（=extraordinary）caseofmurder.
Hebacametheownerofundreamt-ofwealth.
Anunlooked-for（=unexpected）lovelettercametomethismorning.
Anunwished-for（orunhoped-for）（=undesirable）accidenthappenedtome.
Nobodycanstandthisuncalled-for（=unnecessaryandimproper）insult.
c/有特别意义的过去分词：
有少数过去分词，用做纯粹的形容词时，意思发生一些变化，已不再是做动词时的意思，如动词celebrate表示‘庆祝’，但形容词celebrated却表示‘著名的’：
Thisisacelebratedcity.
Thisisthemostnoted（=famous）mounaininJapan.
Heisaconfirmedpickpocket（=pickpocketwhoisunlikelytobechanged）.
Heisapast-master（=onewhohasmuchexperience）indeceit.
Hewillsufferforhisill-advised（=unwise）action.
Ihaveneverseensuchabeautifulplaceinmyborndays（=inmylifetime）.
d/有主动意义的过去分词：
大多数过去分词都有被动意思，例如theunforgottenhero的意思是theherothathasbeenforgotten,又如boiledwater的意思是waterthathasbeenboiled.但有少数过去分词却有主动意思，它们甚至起及物动词作用，可以有一个说不出的宾语。
例如adrunkensailor意思是asailorwhohasdrunktoomuchliquor.
Alearnedscholar（=Ascholarwhohasleanredverymush）usuallylookssilly.
Experiencedmen（=Menwhohaveexperiencedalot）inthismatterarenotnumerous.
Apractisedman（=Amanwhohasoftenpractiseddoingthis）candomorethanagreenhorn.
Thesecultivatedpeople（=Thesepeople,whohavecultivatedtheirminds）aremygoodfriends.
Thekingloveshisdevotedsubjects（=hissubjects,whodevotesthemselvestohim）.
Adissipatedyouth（=Ayouthwhodissipateshistimeandmoney）willruinhimself.
Isacontentedman（=amanwhocontentshimselfwithwhathehas）alwayshappy?
Themistakentravellerhashadanarrowescape.
d）用在名词前的宾补动词的过去分词
某些宾补动词的过去分词可以用在名词前面做定语。
这是一类特殊的宾补动词，它们用在下面这类句子中：
Theydeclaredhimtobeatraitor.
Theyprovedthestatementtobefalse.
Heprofessedhimselftobeascientist.
下面句子包含了以这类动词作定语的过去分词
Thisisthereputedscene（=theplacewhichisreputedtobethescene）ofrobbery.
Johnisthesupposedfather（=themanwhoissupposedtobethefather）ofthischild.
Heisanavowedmember（=amanwhohasavowedhimselftobeamember）ofthisparty.
Heisaprofessedscientist.
Theconfessed（oradmitted）thiefwassenttoprison.
e）用在名词前的不及物动词的过去分词
有几十个不及物动词的过去分词可用在名词前作定语。
它们多数表示一种变化，表示一种完成的动作，一种状态。
它们已失去动词的特点，不再有被动意义，几乎成了形容词：
Aretiredofficial（=Anofficialwhohasretiredorisretired）livesnextdoor.
Heisareturnedstudent（=astudentwhohasreturnedfromabroad）.
Thedecayedtoothshouldbepulledoff.
Amarriedmanismorestableincharacterthanabachelor.
Thousandsofpeoplemournedforthedeceasedactress.
Bothfadingandfadedflowerswereblownaboutinthestrongwind.
Hereandthereweredecayingordecayedleaves.
Weseechangingandchangedmodesoflifeeveryyearandeveryday.
下面词组中各包含一个这样的过去分词：
abdictedemperor,obsconeddebtor,agedpoet,arrivedguest,assembledcompany,elopedpair,escapedprisoner,failedcandidate,fallenangel,fledrobber,perjuredwitness,travelledwritter
departedglories,expiredlease,foregoneconclusion,moulderedtemple,risensun,rottenfruit,shrunkenclothes,sunkenrocks,vanishedcivilization,witheredleaves,well-readandwell-behavedyoungman,plain-spokenpolitician,free-spokenman,full-growngirl,full-blownroses
3）在名词后作定语的分词
分词也可以放在它们所修饰的名词的后面
a）简单分词
简单分词，不管是现在分词还是过去分词，放在名词后的情况是比较少的，但在下面情况下可以放在名词后面：
1/如果它受到强调，感到像一个从句：
Iwanttoknowthepersoncoming（=whocomesoriscoming）
Whowerethepeopleparticipating（=whoparticipated）?
Iwentintotheroomadjoining---andsawsomethingIcan'ttell.
Nomanlivingcandothat.
Iwenttomeetherattheplaneindicated（=whichhadbeenindicated）.
Theythrewintoprisonallthepersonsallthepersonssuspected（=whoweresuspected）.
Theprisioneracquittedwenthomedirectly.
Thematterbeinginvestgiated（=thatisbeinginvestigated）isamilitarysecret.
Theworkbeingdone（=thatwasbeingdone）preventedhisfromgoing.
下面词组中各包含一个这样的词
Themoneyspent,thedayappointed,thefactalleged,thereasongiven,theplansuggested,thepartyinterested,theguestsinvited.
2/如果它用来进行对比：
Thevisitorscomingandgoingaresonumerous.
Heisapersonreveredandbeloved.
Inmanycountries,wordspokenaredifferentfromwordswritten.
3/如果名词是一个不关紧要的词或被修饰的是一个代词：
Thoseremaininghadtowaittwodaysmore.
Virtueisathingunseen.
Heislikeonecharmed.
Allinvolvedwillbesenttojail.
Thepointcontrovertedisinsignificant.
4/如果名词前有一个形容词最高级或类似的形容词：
Thisisthemostdifficultjobknown.
Heisthefattestmanliving
Thechief（oronly,one）guestinvitedwasme.
Thisistheonlychanceleft.
Wewelcomedeveryclient（orallclients）coming.
Everymanarrivingreceivedagift.
5/如果分词和其他词构成固定词组（短语）：
Iwillstayhere
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