届高三英语一轮复习资料构词法讲解.docx

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届高三英语一轮复习资料构词法讲解.docx

届高三英语一轮复习资料构词法讲解

2014届高三英语一轮复习资料:

构词法讲解

高考英语

2014-08-182019

重点专题构词法归纳

1.派生法

(1)前缀

①表示否定意义的前缀:

a.纯否定前缀:

un-unable,unemployment(失业),unload(卸载),uncover(揭开),unhappy,untrue,unlike(不像),unrest(不安的,动荡的),unfair,unknown,unhealthy,unusual,uncertain,unclear(不清楚的),unequal,unlucky,unreal,unkind,uncomfortable,uneasy(心情不安的),uninteresting,unimportant,unnecessary,unpleasant,undivided,unreserved(无保留的)

dis-dislike(不喜欢),disarm,disconnect,disagree,disappear,disadvantage,dishonest,disability,discover(发现),disobey

in-,im-,il-,ir-incapable,inability,incomplete,incorrect,inconvenient,inexpensive,impossible,immoral(不道德的),illegal(非法的),illogical(不合乎逻辑的),irregular,irrelative

non-non-smoker,non-stop,non-violent(非暴力的),nonwhite,non-member,nonparty(无党派),nonsense(无意义)

b.表示错误的意义:

mis-mistake,mislead(误导),misunderstanding,misuse,mis-spell,mistrust,mistreat

c.表示“反、防、抗”的意义:

anti-antiknock(防震),antiforeign(排外的),anti-war,antitank(反战车的),anti-pollution

②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:

a-表示“在……之上”,“向……”:

aboard,aside

de-表示“在下,向下”:

decrease(下降),degrade

en-表示“在内,进入”:

encage(入笼),enbed(上床)

ex-表示“外部,外”:

exit,expand(扩张),export

fore-表示“在前面”:

forehead,foreground,foreleg,forefoot

in-,im-表示“向内,在内,背于”:

inland,inside,indoor(s),import

inter-表示“在……间,相互”:

international,interaction,internet,interview

mid-表示“中,中间”:

midposition

out-表示“在外部,在外”:

outline,outside,outward(s),outdoor(s)

over-表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:

overlook,overhead,overboard,overcoat,overdress,oversea(s)(海外)

post-表示“向后,在后边,次”:

postscript(附言)

pre-表示“在前,在前面,提前”:

prefix(前缀),preface(前言),preposition(介词)

super-表示“在…..之上,超级”:

superstructure,supernatural,superpower,superman

trans-表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:

translate,transform(转移),transplant(移植),transportation(交通)

under-表示“在…..下面,下的”:

underline,underground,underwater,undershirt

up-表示“向上,向上面,在上”:

upward(s),uphold,uphill(上坡)

auto-表示“自己,独立,自动”:

automobile(自动车),autobiography(自传)

tele-表示“远离”:

television,telephone,telegram(电报),telegraph(电报,抽象名词),telescope(望远镜)

③表示时间,序列关系的前缀:

fore-表示“在前面,先前,前面”:

foreword(前言),forecast(预报),foretell(预言),foresee(预见),foreknow(先知),foreknowledge(先知)

mid-表示“中,中间”:

midnight,midsummer,mid-day,mid-autumn

post-表示“在后,后”:

postwar,postgraduate(研究生),postdate

pre-表示“在前,事先,预先”:

preheat,prewar,prehistory(史前),preview(预习),prebattle,prepay

re-表示“再一次,重新”:

retell(复述),rewrite,renew(续借),reconsider,reuse,remarry,recycle(回收利用),rebuild

④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:

by-表示“副,次要的”:

byproduct(副产品),bywork(副业)

extra-表示“超越,额外”:

extraordinary

over-表示“超过,过度,太”:

overeat(吃过多),oversleep(睡过头),overpraise(过奖),overwork,overact(行为过分),overdo

under-表示“低劣,低下”:

undersize,undergrown,underproduction(生产不足)

vice-表示“副,次”:

vice-president,vice-chairman

⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀:

co-表示“共同,一起”:

coexist(共同生存),co-operate,co-worker,coactions(合作行动),coauthor(合作)

⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:

a-afraid,alive,alone,asleep,ashamed,aloud,ahead,aside,alike,awake

⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀:

a-表示“分离,离开”:

away,apart

de-表示“离去,处去”:

depart,decolour

⑧表示“自我”:

self-self-protect(ion),self-made,self-knowledge

⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀:

be-befriend

en-enslave,enable,enrich,enlarge,encourage

⑩表示数量关系的前缀:

a.表示“单一”,“一”:

uni-uniform(统一服装),unicellular(单细胞)

b.表示“二,两,双”:

bi-bicycle

twi-twilight

c.表示“半,一半”:

semi-semiconductor(半导体),semicircle(半圆),semimonthly(半月刊),semifinal(半决赛)

d.表示“百,百分之一”:

centi-centimeter

e.表示“千,千分之一”:

kilo-kilometer,kilogram,kilowatt

f.表示“微小”:

micro-microvolt(微伏特),microcomputer(微机),microscope(显微镜)

g.表示“许多,复,多数”:

multi-multimedia(多媒体),multicolored,multiform,multinatural

h.表示“千分之一、毫”:

milli-millimeter,milligram

i.表示“微小、微型”:

mini-minibus,miniskirt,minipark

(2)后缀

①名词后缀:

a.具有某种职业或动作的人:

-an,-ian,-ician表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:

American,Asian,Australian,Russian,Italian,historian,librarian,electrician,magician(魔术师),technician,musician,politician(政客),physician(内科医生),

-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:

merchant,servant,assistant,agent,student,

-ee表示“动作承受者”:

employee(雇员),examinee,payee(收款人),interviewee

-eer表示“从事于……人”:

engineer,volunteer(志愿者)

-er表示“从事某种职业的人,某地区,地方的人”:

banker,observer,Londoner,villagersinger,driver,writer,speaker,traveller,buyer

-or表示“……者”:

author,doctor,operator,actor,visitor,inventor,educator

-ar,-ary 表示“……的人,从事……的人”:

scholar,liar,beggar,secretary,missionary

-ese表示“……国人,……地方的人”:

Chinese,Japanese,Cantonese(广东人)

-ess表示“阴性人称名词”:

actress(女演员),hostess(女主人),manageress(女经理)

-ist表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:

pianist,communist,dentist,artist,chemist,socialist,typist,receptionist

-icist表示“……家,……者,……能手”:

physicist,phoneticist(语音学家),technicist

-logist表示“……学家,研究者”:

biologist,geologist(地质学家)

b.构成具有抽象名词的含义:

-age表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:

courage,storage,marriage,percentage

-al表示“事物的动作,过程”:

refusal,arrival,survival,denial,approval,trial,burial

-ance,-ence表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:

importance,distance,avoidance,appearance,performance,diligence,difference,obedience,absence,presence(出席),existence

-ancy,-ency表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:

frequency(频繁),urgency(紧急),efficiency(高效率),

-ity表示“性质,状态,程度”:

purity,reality,equality

-bility表示“动作,性质,状态”:

ability,possibility,probability,responsibility

-dom表示“等级,领域,状态”:

freedom,kingdom,wisdom

-ery,-ry表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:

bravery,slavery

-hood表示“资格,身份,年纪,状态”:

childhood,girlhood,boyhood,manhood

-ice表示“行为,性质,状态”:

notice,justice,service

-ing表示“动作的过程,结果”:

building,writing,learning

-ion,-ation,-ition,-sion表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:

suggestion,action,solution,invention,direction,correction,collection,instruction,destruction,introduction,congratulation,dictation,invitation,pronunciation,examination,graduation,operation,education,information,translation,starvation,satisfaction,relation,irrigation,determination,preparation,imagination,explanation,opposition,competition,description,decision,division,conclusion,explosion,impression,expression_r,admission,permission,discussion

-ment表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:

disappointment,treatment,movement,judgment,punishment,argument,agreement,government,development,improvement,requirement,astonishment,encouragement

-ness表示“性质,状态,程度”:

goodness,kindness,tiredness,friendliness,business,illness,happiness,goodness,willingness,weakness,fairness

-ism表示“制度,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:

socialism,criticism,heroism,tourism,communism(共产主义),Marxism(马克思主义)

-ship表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:

hardship,relationship,membership,friendship,seamanship,ownership,scholarship,professorship

-th,表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:

strength,length,width,depth,wealth,truth,growth,warmth,youth

-ure表示“行为,结果”:

exposure(暴露),pressure,failure,procedure(手续),mixture

-craft 表示“工艺”:

aircraft,needlecraft,woodcraft

c.带有场所,地方的含义:

-age表示“住所,地点”:

village,cottage

-ary表示“住所,场地”:

library,granary(谷仓)

-ory表示“工作场所,住处”:

factory,dormitory,laboratory,observatory

②形容词后缀:

a.带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:

-able,-iblemovable,comfortable,eatable,enjoyable,acceptable,reasonable,applicable,visible,responsible,terrible,horrible

-alnatural,additional,educational,national

-ant,-entdistant,important,excellent

-ing(表示特征:

令人觉得)moving,touching,daring,interesting,exciting,disappointing,astonishing,boring,amazing

-ed(表示情绪:

觉得)pleased,interested,surprised,worried,excited,bored,determined,delighted

-ishfoolish,bookish,selfish

-iveactive,impressive,decisive,active,instructive,expensive,progressive

b.表示“相象,类似”的含义:

-ishboyish,childish

-likemanlike,childlike

-sometroublesome,handsome

-ymilky,cloudysunny,windy,rainy,foggy,healthy,wealthy,worthy,bloody,funny,dirty,lucky,noisy,salty,smelly,hilly

-lymanly,fatherly,motherly,sisterly,brotherly,daily,weekly,monthly,quarterly,yearly,friendly,lonely,orderly,lovely,lively,likely,scholarly

c.表示“充分的”含义:

-fulbeautiful,wonderful,helpful,truthful,successful,harmful,useful,careful,forgetful,merciful

-ousdangerous,courageous,nervous,mountainous,humorous,various

d.表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:

-enwooden,golden,woolen

e.表示方向的含义:

-erneastern,western,southern,northern,southeastern,northwestern

-warddownward,forward

f.表示“数量关系”的含义:

-teenthirteen

-tyfifty

-thfourth,fiftieth

g.表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:

-anRoman,European

-eseChinese,Japanese

-ishEnglish,Spanish

h.表示否定:

-lesscountless,stainless(不锈的),wireless,useless,endless,priceless(无价的,贵重的),hopeless

③动词后缀:

-ize,ise表示“做成,变成,……化”:

modernize(现代化),democratize(民主化),organize,apologize,realize

-en表示“使成为,引起,使有”:

quicken,weaken,soften,harden

-fy表示“使……化,使成”:

beautify,purify(净化),intensify,signify,simplify(简化),satisfy

④副词后缀:

-lypossibly,swiftly,simply

-ward(s)downward,inwards,upward

-waysalways,sideways

-wiseotherwise,clockwise

注意:

有的单词有双重后缀,如:

use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)

self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)

有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:

important→importance→unimportance

regular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)

2.合成法

(1)合成名词

 boyfriend,girlfriend,bus-driver,necklace,playground,radioactive,headmaster,sunshine,notebook,armchair,wheelchair,postcard,football,spaceship,blackboard,firefighter,fireman,gateman,chairman,weatherman,businessman,armyman,postman,sportsman,bedroom,reading-room,classroom,newspaper,pickpocket(扒手),she-goat(雌性山羊),editor-in-chief(主编),daybreak(破晓),handshake(握手),silkworm(蚕),outbreak(爆发)

(2)合成形容词

名词+动词过去分词:

man-made,homemade

副词+动词过去分词:

well-known,newly-built(新建的)

形容词+名词ed:

kind-hearted,cold-blooded

数词+名词ed:

five-storeyed(五层楼的),four-legged(四条腿的)

名词+动词现在分词:

English-speaking,Chinese-speaking,brainwashing(洗脑的)

由三个词构成的合成形容词:

face-to-face,heart-to-heart,two-year-old,eight-metre-long

其他合成形容词:

everyday(日常的),faraway(遥远的),snow-white(雪白的),lay-off(下岗的)

3.转化法

(1)名词→动词

hand(手→传递)                                         back(背部,后面→支持,后退)

charge(费用→收费)                            copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)

flood(洪水→淹

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