新托福IBT词汇分类突破.docx

新托福IBT词汇分类突破.docx

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新托福IBT词汇分类突破

UNIT001

Basicbuildingmaterialsinclude:

timber,mud,stone,marble,brick,tile,steel,andcementconcrete.Masonrywallsarebuiltwithstonesorbricks,coheredthroughtheuseofmortar,firstcomposedoflimeandsand.Theprofusionofaluminumanditsanodizedcoatingprovidedcladdingmaterialthatislightweightandvirtuallymaintenancefree.GlasswasknowninprehistoryandiscelebratedforitscontributionstoGothicarchitecture.

Vocabulary:

1.timber

2.marble

3.tile

4.cement

5.masonrywall

6.cohere

7.mortar

8.lime

9.profusion

10.aluminum

11.anodizedcoating

12.cladding

13.celebrated

14.Gothic

15.architecture

UNIT002

Twobasicapproachestospanningovermasonrywallsarepost-and-lintelconstructionandarch,vault,anddomeconstruction.

Vocabulary:

1.span

2.post-and-lintel

3.arch

4.vault

5.dome

UNIT003

TheChicagoarchitectLouisSullivan’scareerconvergeswiththeso-calledChicagoSchoolofArchitects,whosechallengewastoinventtheskyscraperorhigh-risebuilding,facilitatedbytheintroductionoftheelectricelevatorandtheabundanceofsteel.Thebuilding’sskeletoncouldbeerectedquicklyandtheremainingcomponentshungonittocompleteit,animmenseadvantageforhigh-risebuildingsonbusycitystreet.

Vocabulary:

1.architect

2.converge

3.school

4.skyscraper

5.facilitate

6.electricelevator

7.abundance

8.skeleton

9.erect

10.component

11.immense

UNIT004

Interiordesignofapartmentsandhouses,thatis,dwellings,usuallyinvolvebothpracticalandaestheticdecisions.Choiceshavetobemadeforalmosteveryelement,ceilingsandlamps,curtainsandblinds,corridoranddoorway,nichesandledges,grateandventilations,terracesandstaircases,evensewersordrainers.Sometimessuchdesignsareextendedtobethefaçadeofthebuilding,andeventoafountain,oragardeningyard.

1.interiordesign

2.dwelling

3.involve

4.aesthetic

5.ceiling

6.lamp

7.curtain

8.blind

9.corridor

10.doorway

11.niche

12.ledge

13.grate

14.ventilation

15.terrace

16.staircase

17.sewer

18.drainer

19.façade

20.fountain

21.yard

UNIT005

Theleaseisacontractofrentunderwhichoneparty,calledlandlordorlessor,grantspossessionanduseofthepropertyforalimitedtermtotheotherparty,whoiscalledtenantorlessee.

1.lease

2.rent

3.landlord

4.lessor

5.grant

6.possession

7.property

8.tenant

9.lessee

UNIT006

Abigcity,orametropolis,isoftenaccompaniedbysuburbs.Suchcitiesareusuallyassociatedwithmetropolitanareasandurbansprawl,creatinglargeamountofbusinesscommuters.Onceacitysprawlsfarenoughtoreachanothercity,thisregioncanbedeemedaconurbationormegalopolis.

1.metropolis

2.suburb

3.beassociatedwith

4.metropolitan

5.urban

6.sprawl

7.commuter

8.deem

9.conurbation

10.megalopolis

UNIT007

Sanitationisthehygienicmeansofpreventinghumancontactfromthehazardsofwastes,eitherphysical,microbiological,biologicalorchemicalagentsofdisease,whichincludehumanandanimalfeces,solidwastes,domesticwastewater（sewage,sullage,greywater）,etc.hygienicmeansofpreventioncanbepracticedbyusingsimpletechnologies（e.g.latrines,septictanks）,orbypersonalhygienepractices.

1.sanitation

2.hygienic

3.microbiological

4.agent

5.feces

6.domestic

7.sullage

8.greywater

9.latrine

10.septictank

11.personalhygienepractice

UNIT008

Apublicutility（usuallyjustutility）isacompanythatmaintainsandprovidestheinfrastructureforapublicservice.Althoughutilitiescanbeprivatelyownedorpubliclyowned,theyofteninvolvenaturalmonopolies.

1.publicutility

2.infrastructure

3.privatelyowned

4.publiclyowned

5.monopoly

UNIT009

Thefieldoftransporthasseveralaspects,infrastructure,vehicles,andoperations.Infrastructureincludesthetransportnetworks（roads,railways,airways,waterways,canals,pipelines,etc.）thatareused,aswellasthenodesorterminals（suchasairports,railwaystations,busstationsandseaports）.Vehiclestravelingonthenetworksincludeautomobiles,bicycles,buses,trainsandaircrafts.Theoperationsdealwiththewaythevehiclesareoperatedonthenetwork,andtheproceduressetforthispurposeincludingthelegalenvironment（laws,codes,regulations,etc.）.Policies,suchashowtofinancethesystem（forexample,theuseoftollsorgasolinetaxes）maybeconsideredpartoftheoperations.

1.vehicle

2.operation

3.canal

4.pipeline

5.node

6.terminal

7.seaport

8.law

9.code

10.regulation

11.toll

12.gasoline

UNIT010

Railtransportistheconveyanceofpassengersandgoodsbymeansofwheeledvehiclesspeciallydesignedtorunalongrailwayorrailroads.Typicalrailwaytracksconsistoftwoparallelrails,normallymadeofsteel,securedtocrossbeams,termedties.Thetiesmaintainconstantdistancebetweenthetworails,ameasurementknownas“gauge”ofthetrack.Tomaintainthealignmentofthetrack,itiseitherlaidonabedofballastorelsesecuredtoasolidconcretefoundation.Railtransportisanenergy-efficientandcapital-intensivecomponentoflogistics,incontrast,atraditionalwagoncancarrynomorethanseveraltonsoffreight.

1.railtransport

2.conveyance

3.bymeansof

4.consistof

5.secureto

6.crossbeam

7.tie

8.gauge

9.alignment

10.ballast

11.concrete

12.energy-efficient

13.capital-intensive

14.logistics

15.wagon

16.freight

UNIT011

Developmentsintechnologyhaveerodedsomeofthenaturalmonopolyaspectsoftraditionalpublicutilities.Forinstance,electricitygeneration,electricityretailing,telecommunicationandpostalservicehavebecomecompetitiveinsomecountries,andthetrendtowardsliberalization,deregulationandprivatizationofpublicutilitiesisgrowing,butthenetworkinfrastructureusedtodistributemostutilityproductsandserviceshasremainedlargelymonopolistic.

1.erode

2.retailing

3.postalservice

4.competitive

5.trend

6.liberalization

7.deregulation

8.privatization

9.infrastructure

10.distribute

11.monopolistic

UNIT012

Anaspiringmasterwouldhavetopassthroughthecareerchainfromapprenticetojourneymanbeforehe/shecouldbeelectedtobecomeamastercraftsman.He/Shewouldthenhavetoproduceasumofmoneyandamasterpiecebeforehe/shecouldactuallyjointheguide.

1.aspiring

2.mater

3.passthrough

4.apprentice

5.journeyman

6.masterpiece

7.actually

8.guide

UNIT013

Acraftspersonwhoperhapshasatfirstsoldcraftitemsonlytofriendsoratlocalbazaarsmayfindthatincreaseddemandleadstoawiderclienteleandsalesbyrailorder,atcraftfairs,orthroughashop.

1.craft

2.bazaar

3.clientele

4.fair

UNIT014

Thereisafinelineofdistinctionbetweencraftsproducedbyamateurhobbyistsfortheirpersonalsatisfactionsandthosemadebygiftedartisanswithaviewtowardtheuseandenjoymentofothers.

1.fine

2.distinction

3.amateurhobbyist

4.artisan

UNIT015

Fabricweavinginvolvesinterlacingwarpandweft.Theyarnthreadsofwarparearrangedparalleltooneanotherandheldintensiononaloom,whilethesinglethreadweftspassoverorunderthewarpthreadstocreateasolidorpatternedpieceofcloths.Tocreatelargerpieces,atreadleloomisusuallyneeded.

1.fabricweaving

2.involve

3.interlace

4.warp

5.weft

6.yarnthread

7.parallel

8.tension

9.loom

10.solid

11.treadleloom

UNIT016

Basketryisthecraftofmakingbasketsandbags,mats,rugs,andotheritemsthroughweaving,plaiting,andcoilingtechniques,usingmaterialssuchasreed,cane,rush,sisal,fiber,ash-woodsplints,andropestwistedfromstrandsofhemp.

1.basketry

2.mat

3.rug

4.plait

5.coil

6.reed

7.cane

8.rush

9.sisal

10.fiber

11.ash-wood

12.splint

13.twist

14.strand

15.hemp

UNIT017

Inornamentalknotting,cotton,linen,orjutecordisusedtomakebags,wallhangings,andcontainers.

1.ornamental

2.knotting

3.cotton

4.linen

5.jutecord

6.wallhanging

UNIT018

Inquilting,threelayersoffabric（adecorativetoplayer,filler,andaliner）arestitchedortiedtogether.

1.quilt

2.quilting

3.layer

4.decorative

5.filler

6.liner

7.stitch

UNIT019

Manyusefulobjectscanbefashionedfromleather,usingsuchspecialtoolsasleathershears,punchesforcarvingthickleather,throngingchisels,andlacingneedles.

1.fashion

2.leather

3.shear

4.punch

5.carve

6.thong

7.chisel

8.lace

9.needle

UNIT020

Ceramicobjectscanbemoldedcompletelybyhandorthrownonapotter’swheel.Whentheclayhardens,itisfiredinahigh-temperatureoven,orkiln,tostrengthenit.Tomaketheobjectwaterproof,glazesmaythenbeappliedandthepiecefiredagain.

1.ceramic

2.mold

3.throw

4.potter’swheel

5.clay

6.oven

7.kiln

8.waterproof

9.glaze

UNIT021

Suchfabricwoodworkingtechniquesassewing,joining,andfishingcanbeemployedtomakeawidevarietyofusefulandornamentalobjects,fromjewelryboxestopictureframes.

1.woodworking

2.sawing

3.joining

4.finishing

5.ornamental

6.pictureframe