保定学院毕业论文示例.docx

保定学院毕业论文示例.docx

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保定学院毕业论文示例

保定学院毕业论文示例

保定学院

本科生毕业论文（设计）

题目：

浅析对比语言学对英汉翻译的

指导作用

系（部）外语系

学科门类文学

专业英语

学号090214110

姓名纪小雨

指导教师苑新法

2013年05月08日

ABRIEFSTUDYONENGLISH-CHINESETRANSLATIONINTHEPERSPECTIVEOFCONTRASTIVELINGUISTICS

AThesis

SubmittedinPartialFulfillmentof

theRequirementsfortheDegreeof

BachelorofArts

Writtenby:

JiXiaoyu

Supervisedby:

YuanXinfa

浅析对比语言学对英汉翻译的指导作用

摘要

对比语言学是语言学的一个分支，其任务是对两种或两种以上的语言进行共时研究，描述它们之间的异同，特别是不同之处，并将此类研究用于其他领域。

由此可见，与对比语言学联系最紧密的学科当属翻译。

因此，本文将以对比语言学的视角，进行语内对比，从语法、篇章和语用方面研究英汉两种语言的不同之处，突出其对英汉翻译实践的指导作用。

关键词：

对比语言学翻译英汉异同

ABriefStudyonEnglish-ChineseTranslationinthePerspectiveofContrastiveLinguistics

Abstract

Contrastivelinguistics,whichmainlyconcernsthedifferencesbetweentwolanguages,isabranchoflinguistics.Therefore,itisobviousthattranslationisasistersubjectofcontrastivelinguistics.Inthisthesis,thedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesewillbediscussedintheperspectiveofinterlingualstudy,namelygrammatical,textual,andpragmaticalways.Andfinally,andmostimportantly,English-Chinesetranslationwillbediscussedintheperspectiveofcontrastivelinguistics.

KeyWords:

contrastivelinguisticstranslationdifferencebetweenEnglishandChinese

Contents

1.Introduction

1.1Definitionofcontrastivelinguistics

Peoplelearnandresearchthingsbycomparison.Therefore,comparisonisalsoabasicresearchingmethodoflinguisticstudy.Makinganalysisoncertainlinguisticphenomenonistheroleoflinguisticstudy,likewise,whenmakingexplanationsonlinguisticphenomena,comparingisessential.

XuYulonghasmadeadiagramaboutthedefinitionofcontrastivelinguistics.

Quadrant

standsforthesynchroniccomparisonwithinonelanguage.Thiscomparisonmainlyconcernslingualdifferences,suchasphonetic,grammatical,orlexicalvariationsduringacertainperiodofacertainlanguage.

Quadrant

standsforthediachroniccomparisonwithinonelanguage.Throughthiskindofcomparison,peopleareabletolearnthehistoryofthelanguageandwillfindouttheevolutiontrackofthelanguage.TakeEnglishforinstance,itsevolutionisdividedintofourstages:

OldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,EarlyModernEnglishandModernEnglish.Duringthisevolution,Englishgraduallybecomesananalyticallanguageinsteadofasyntheticlanguage.Adiachroniccomparisonisusuallyseeninthestudyofthehistoryofthelanguage,forexample,theoriginofwords.

Quadrant

standsforthediachroniccomparisonbetweendifferentlanguages.Thiscomparisonisoftenusedintheresearchesonrebuildingorclassifyingtheproto-languageofrelativelanguages.Hencethefirstbranchofmodernlinguistics:

comparativelinguistics,orhistoricallinguistics.

Quadrant

standsforsynchroniccomparisonofdifferentlanguages.Thiscomparisonaimsatastablecomparisonsoastofindoutthedifferencesinformandstructurebetweendifferentlanguages.Diachroniccomparisonbetweenlanguagescanbedividedintothreecategories:

thefirstistofindoutsimilaritiesandthesecondistofindoutdifferencesinalllanguagesaroundtheworld,therefore,alanguagepoolisneededinthistwokindsofcomparisonresearches.

However,thethirdisusuallyconductedbetweentwolanguagesinsteadofalllanguagesintheworld.Linguistsfocusonbothsimilarstructuresanddifferentdiscoursesofthetwo（ormore）languages,whichisknownasthebodyofcontrastivelinguistics.

Therefore,contrastivelinguisticsisdefinedasfollow:

contrastivelinguisticsisabranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestwoormorelanguagessynchronically,withtheaimofdiscoveringtheirdifferencesandsimilarities（especiallytheformer）andapplyingthesefindingstorelatedareasofstudy.

Contrastivelinguisticsisalsoknownas“contrastiveanalysis”or“contrastivestudies”,andthesethreenamesareinterchangeable.

1.2Historyanddevelopment

Comparisonbetweenlanguages,whichisinaccordancewithlanguageresearcheshavelongexisted.Asabranchofmodernlinguistics,contrastivelinguisticsoriginatedintheU.S.andEurope.

TraditionalU.S.contrastivelinguisticstookoffduringWW

whenononehand,immigrantsrushedintoU.S.,theywereeagertolearnEnglish,andontheotherhand,soldiersintheU.S.armyneededtoacquiresomeknowledgeonthelanguageinthecountrytheyfought.Inthiscircumstance,thustheurgentneedtolearnforeignlanguagesgaverisetotheproblemofhowtoteachaforeignlanguageinamosteffectiveandeconomicalway.Thebestsolutionisabsolutelycontrastiveanalysis.AccordingtoFries:

“Themostefficient[teaching]materialsarethosebasedonascientificdescriptionofthelanguagetobelearned,carefullycomparedwithaparalleldescriptionofthenativelanguageofthelearner.”

Thistheoryisbasedonstimulus-responsetheory（orS-Rtheory）,whichdescribesastheformationofassociationsbetweenstimuliandresponses.Meanwhile,StructuralismDescriptionLinguistics,whichwasnewlybloomingintheU.S.then,providedcontrastivelinguisticswithasolidfoundation,hencethedevelopmentofcontrastivelinguistics.

However,inEurope,contrastivelinguisticswentquiteadifferentway.During1950sand1960s,variousschoolswerekeenoncontrastiveanalysis,whichmainlywerecomparisonsbetweenEnglishandGerman,French,Polish,Romanian,Finnish,orDanish.Transformational-GenerativeGrammarwasmostfrequentlyused.Morethan1,000thesesoncontrastivelinguisticswerelaunchedduring1965-1975,accordingtoSajaavara&Lehtonen（1975）.

Thedecadessincethenwitnessedtherapiddevelopmentofcontrastivelinguistics.Alargenumberofinternationalconferencesandseminarsoncontrastivelinguisticswereheld.

InChina,ZhaoYuanrenreleasedAPreliminaryStudyofEnglishIntonationandItsChineseEquivalentsin1933.In1977,LvShuxianglaunchedthespeechongrammarstudythroughcontrastiveanalysis.Eversincethe1980s,thankstotheOpening-upPolicy,thecommunicationbetweenChinaandtherestoftheworldtriggeredthedemandforEnglishlearninginChinaandChineseteachinginEnglish-speakingcountries.ThesefactorsallcontributetothedevelopmentofcontrastivelinguisticsinChina.

1.3Classificationofcontrastivelinguistics

Asabranchoflinguistics,likewise,contrastivelinguisticscanbeclassifiedalongtwoaxes,namely,theoreticalandapplied,andmicro-linguisticsandmacro-linguistics.

1.3.1Theoreticalcontrastivelinguistics

Theoreticalcontrastivelinguisticsaimsto“findsuitablemodelsandtheoreticalframeworksforcomparisonandtoestablishsuchkeynotionsascongruence,similarity,andequivalencebetweentheformsofdifferentlanguages”（Fisiak,1981:

2）.Xstandsfortheuniversalcategoriesorfeaturesthatarecommontoalllanguagesoratleasttothelanguagesbeingcompared.AandBarethetwolanguagesbeingcompared.XaandXbarethewayinwhichthecategoryorfeatureappearedorpresentedinlanguageAandB.

X

Forexample,incontrastivephonologicalstudy,Xstandsforasetofphonologicalfeatures,comparisonsaimtofigureouthowthephonologicalfeatureispresentedinlanguageAandB,orthedifferenteffectsinXaandXb.

1.3.2Appliedcontrastivelinguistics

Appliedcontrastivelinguisticsstudiestheapplicationofthefindingsoftheoreticalcontrastivelinguisticstothecontrastingoftwoormorelanguagesforcertainpurposes,suchasL2（one’ssecondorforeignlanguage）teachingandlearning,translation,bilinguallexicography,etc.

WhatappliedcontrastivelinguisticsconcernshowXpresentedinlanguageAispresentedinlanguageB.Inotherwords,whatappliedcontrastivistsseekisthecorrespondingelementsofXainlanguageB,namelyXb（Xu,1992:

14-16）:

X

IfsuchcorrespondingelementscannotbefoundinlanguageB,Xbissaidtohavethezeroform.

1.3.3Micro-contrastiveandmacro-contrastivelinguistics

Micro-contrastiveisorientedtowardsthecontrastaboutlangueorcompetence,anditsgoalistocomparetheuniversalaswellasparticularstructuralpropertiesofhumanlanguages,specifically,onthephonetics,phonology,lexis,andgrammarlevels.Whilemacro-contrastiveaimstocompareandunderstandhowpeopleusedifferentlanguagestocommunicatewitheachother,andparticularly,ontextualandpragmaticlevels.

2.LexicalcontrastiveanalysisandEnglish-Chinesetranslation

Lexicologyisthestudyofvocabularyitemsorlexemes（lexicalitems）ofalanguage.Alexemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitinthevocabularyofalanguage.Itcanbeawordoraphrase.Ithasmanyformsinspokenorwrittensentences,andberedeemedasthesamelexemeinspiteofbeingaddedwithanaffixorchangedinsomeotherwayaccordingly.Forexample,inEnglish,allinflectedformsofaword,suchasgo,goes,went,goneallbelongtothesameword“go”.

Lexicologyiscomposedoftwodivisions:

lexicalmorphologyandlexicalsemantics.Theformerstudiestheformandtemporalchangesofthelexemes,whilethelatterstudiesmeaningsoflexemesthroughtimeandrelations.

2.1Lexicalmorphologyincontrastiveanalysis

Intherespectoflexicalform,ChineseisanisolatedlanguagewhileEnglishisasyntheticlanguage,whichisrichinaffixes.Morphologyconsistsoftwoparts:

lexicalandinflectionalmorphology.Here,moreattentionshouldbepaidtolexicalmorphology.InEnglish,somemeaningsthatcanbeexpressedthroughaffixeshavenocounterpartsinChinese.Translatorswhofailtonoticethesedifferencesarelikelytomakemistakes.

Takethissentenceforinstance:

（1）HehasnotsettledanythingwithChina,andhehasundoubtedlyunsettledalotofthingsinTokyo