FAO权威藻类培养方法.docx

FAO权威藻类培养方法.docx

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FAO权威藻类培养方法

与藻类和水生生物培养的谷友一起分享：

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//www.fao.org/DOCREP/003/W3732E/w3732e00.htm#Contents#Contents

ManualontheProductionandUseofLiveFoodforAquaculture

TableofContents

FAOFISHERIESTECHNICALPAPER

361

Editedby

PatrickLavensandPatrickSorgeloos

LaboratoryofAquacultureandArtemiaReferenceCenter

UniversityofGhent

Ghent,Belgium

FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations

Rome,1996

ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegalstatusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

M-44

ISBN92-5-103934-8

Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withoutthepriorpermissionofthecopyrightowner.Applicationsforsuchpermission,withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,shouldbeaddressedtotheDirector,InformationDivision,FoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations,VialedelleTermediCaracalla,00100Rome,Italy.

©FAO1996

TableofContents

PREPARATIONOFTHISDOCUMENT

1.INTRODUCTION

2.MICRO-ALGAE

2.1.Introduction

2.2.Majorclassesandgeneraofculturedalgalspecies

******2.3.Algalproduction

2.3.1.Physicalandchemicalconditions

2.3.1.1.Culturemedium/nutrients

2.3.1.2.Light

2.3.1.3.pH

2.3.1.4.Aeration/mixing

2.3.1.5.Temperature

2.3.1.6.Salinity

2.3.2.Growthdynamics

2.3.3.Isolating/obtainingandmaintainingofcultures

2.3.4.Sourcesofcontaminationandwatertreatment

2.3.5.Algalculturetechniques

2.3.5.1.Batchculture

2.3.5.2.Continuousculture

2.3.5.3.Semi-continuousculture

2.3.6.Algalproductioninoutdoorponds

2.3.7.Cultureofsessilemicro-algae

2.3.8.Quantifyingalgalbiomass

2.3.9.Harvestingandpreservingmicro-algae

2.3.10.Algalproductioncost

2.4.Nutritionalvalueofmicro-algae

2.5.Useofmicro-algaeinaquaculture

2.5.1.Bivalvemolluscs

2.5.2.Penaeidshrimp

2.5.3.Marinefish

2.6.Replacementdietsforlivealgae

2.6.1.Preservedalgae

2.6.2.Micro-encapsulateddiets

2.6.3.Yeast-baseddiets

2.7.Literatureofinterest

******2.8.Worksheets

Worksheet2.1.:

Isolationofpurealgalstrainsbytheagarplatingtechnique

Worksheet2.2.:

DeterminationofcellconcentrationsusinghaematocytometeraccordingtoFuchs-RosenthalandBurker.

Worksheet2.3.:

Cellulardryweightestimationofmicro-algae.

3.ROTIFERS

3.1.Introduction

3.2.Morphology

3.3.Biologyandlifehistory

3.4.Straindifferences

3.5.Generalcultureconditions

3.5.1.Marinerotifers

3.5.1.1.Salinity

3.5.1.2.Temperature

3.5.1.3.Dissolvedoxygen

3.5.1.4.pH

3.5.1.5.Ammonia（NH3）

3.5.1.6.Bacteria

3.5.1.7.Ciliates

3.5.2.Freshwaterrotifers

3.5.3.Cultureprocedures

3.5.3.1.Stockcultureofrotifers

3.5.3.2.Upscalingofstockculturestostartercultures

3.5.3.3.Massproductiononalgae

3.5.3.4.Massproductiononalgaeandyeast

3.5.3.5.Masscultureonyeast

3.5.3.6.Masscultureonformulateddiets

3.5.3.7.Highdensityrearing

3.5.4.Harvesting/concentrationofrotifers

3.6.Nutritionalvalueofculturedrotifers

3.6.1.Techniquesfor（n-3）HUFAenrichment

3.6.1.1.Algae

3.6.1.2.Formulatedfeeds

3.6.1.3.Oilemulsions

3.6.2.TechniquesforvitaminCenrichment

3.6.3.Techniquesforproteinenrichment

3.6.4.Harvesting/concentrationandcoldstorageofrotifers

3.7.Productionanduseofrestingeggs

3.8.Literatureofinterest

3.9Worksheets

Worksheet3.1.Preparationofanindicatorsolutionfordeterminationofresidualchlorine

4.ARTEMIA

4.1.Introduction,biologyandecologyofArtemia

4.1.1.Introduction

4.1.2.BiologyandecologyofArtemia

4.1.2.1.Morphologyandlifecycle

4.1.2.2.Ecologyandnaturaldistribution

4.1.2.3.Taxonomy

4.1.2.4.Strain-specificcharacteristics

4.1.3.Literatureofinterest

4.2.Useofcysts

4.2.1.Cystbiology

4.2.1.1.Cystmorphology

4.2.1.2.Physiologyofthehatchingprocess

4.2.1.3.Effectofenvironmentalconditionsoncystmetabolism

4.2.1.4.Diapause

4.2.2.Disinfectionprocedures

4.2.3Decapsulation

4.2.4.Directuseofdecapsulatedcysts

4.2.5.Hatching

4.2.5.1.Hatchingconditionsandequipment

4.2.5.2.Hatchingqualityandevaluation

4.2.6.Literatureofinterest

4.2.7.Worksheets

Worksheet4.2.1.:

ProcedureforestimatingwatercontentofArtemiacysts

Worksheet4.2.2.:

Specificdiapauseterminationtechniques

Worksheet4.2.3.:

DisinfectionofArtemiacystswithliquidbleach

Worksheet4.2.4.:

ProceduresforthedecapsulationofArtemiacysts

Worksheet4.2.5.:

Titrimetricmethodforthedeterminationofactivechlorineinhypochloritesolutions

Worksheet4.2.6.:

Artemiahatching

Worksheet4.2.7.:

Determinationofhatchingpercentage,hatchingefficiencyandhatchingrate

4.3.Useofnaupliiandmeta-nauplii

4.3.1.Harvestinganddistribution

4.3.2.Coldstorage

4.3.3.Nutritionalquality

4.3.4.Enrichmentwithnutrients

4.3.5.Enrichmentfordiseasecontrol

4.3.6.ApplicationsofArtemiaforfeedingdifferentspecies

4.3.6.1.Penaeidshrimp

4.3.6.2.Freshwaterprawn

4.3.6.3.Marinefish

4.3.6.4.Freshwaterfish

4.3.6.5.Aquariumfish

4.3.7.Literatureofinterest

4.3.8.Worksheets

Worksheet4.3.1.:

StandardenrichmentforGreatSaltLakeArtemia.

4.4.TankproductionanduseofongrownArtemia

4.4.1.NutritionalpropertiesofongrownArtemia

4.4.2.Tankproduction

4.4.2.1.Advantagesoftankproductionandtankproducedbiomass

4.4.2.2.Physico-chemicalconditions

4.4.2.3.Artemia

4.4.2.4.Feeding

4.4.2.5.Infrastructure

4.4.2.6.Culturetechniques

4.4.2.7.EnrichmentofongrownArtemia

4.4.2.8.Controlofinfections

4.4.2.9.Harvestingandprocessingtechniques

4.4.2.10.Productionfiguresandproductioncosts

4.4.3.Literatureofinterest

4.4.4.Worksheets

Worksheet4.4.1:

FeedingstrategyforintensiveArtemiaculture.

4.5.Pondproduction

4.5.1.DescriptionofthedifferentArtemiahabitats

4.5.1.1.Naturallakes

4.5.1.2.Permanentsolarsaltoperations

4.5.1.3.Seasonalunits

4.5.2.Siteselection

4.5.2.1.Climatology

4.5.2.2.Topography

4.5.2.3.Soilconditions

4.5.3.Pondadaptation

4.5.3.1.Largepermanentsaltoperations

4.5.3.2.Smallpondsystems

4.5.4.Pondpreparation

4.5.4.1.Liming

4.5.4.2.Predatorcontrol

4.5.4.3.Fertilization

4.5.5.Artemiainoculation

4.5.5.1.Artemiastrainselection

4.5.5.2.Inoculationprocedures

4.5.6.Monitoringandmanagingtheculturesystem

4.5.6.1.MonitoringtheArtemiapopulation

4.5.6.2.AbioticparametersinfluencingArtemiapopulations

4.5.6.3.BioticfactorsinfluencingArtemiapopulations

4.5.7.Harvestingandprocessingtechniques

4.5.7.1.Artemiabiomassharvestingandprocessing

4.5.7.2.Artemiacystharvestingandprocessing

4.5.8.Literatureofinterest

4.5.9.Worksheets

Worksheet4.5.1.:

Pondimprovementsandharvestingprocedures

Worksheet4.5.2.:

Proceduresforthebrineprocessingstep

Worksheet4.5.3.:

Proceduresforthefreshwaterprocessingstep

5.ZOOPLANKTON

5.1.Wildzooplankton

5.1.1.Introduction

5.1.2.Collectionfromthewild

5.1.3.Collectiontechniques

5.1.3.1.Planktonnets

5.1.3.2.Trawlnets

5.1.3.3.Baleenharvestingsystem

5.1.3.4.Flow-throughharvesting

5.1.3.5.Planktonlighttrapping

5.1.4.Zooplanktongrading

5.1.5.Transportandstorageofcollectedzooplankton

5.2.Productionofcopepods

5.2.1.Introduction

5.2.2.Lifecycle

5.2.3.Biometrics

5.2.4.Nutritionalquality

5.2.5.Culturetechniques

5.2.5.1.Calanoids

5.2.5.2.Harpacticoids

5.2.6.Useofrestingeggs

5.2.7.Applicationsinlarviculture

5.3.Mesocosmsystems

5.3.1.Introduction

5.3.2.Typesofmesocosms

5.3.2.1.Poldsystem（2-60m³）

5.3.2.2.Bagsystem（50-200m³）

5.3.2.3.Pondsystem

5.3.2.4.Tanksystem

*****5.3.3.Mesocosmprotocol

5.3.4.Comparisontointensivemethods

5.4.Literatureofinterest

6.CLADOCERANS,NEMATODESANDTROCHOPHORALARVAE

6.1.DaphniaandMoina

6.1.1.BiologyandlifecycleofDaphnia

6.1.2.NutritionalvalueofDaphnia

6.1.3.FeedingandnutritionofDaphnia

6.1.4.MasscultureofDaphnia

6.1.4.1.Generalprocedurefortankculture

6.1.4.2.Detritalsystem

6.1.4.3.Autotrophicsystem

6.1.4.4.Generalprocedureforpondculture

6.1.4.5.Contamination

6.1.5.Productionanduseofrestingeggs

6.1.6.UseofMoina

6.2.Nematodes

6.3.Trochophoralarvae

6.3.1.Introduction

6.3.2.Productionoftrochophoralarvae

6.3.2.1.Mussellarvae

6.3.2.2.PacificoysterandManilaclamlarvae

6.3.3.Qualitycontroloftheproducedtrochophoralarvae

6.3.4.Cryopreservation

6.4.Literatureofinterest

BACKCOVER

2.3.1.Physicalandchemicalconditions

2.3.1.1.Culturemedium/nutrients

2.3.1.2.Light

2.3.1.3.pH

2.3.1.4.Aeration/mixing

2.3.1.5.Temperature

2.3.1.6.Salinity

Themostimportantparametersregulatingalgalgrowtharenutrientquantityandquality,light,pH,turbulence,salinityandtemperature.ThemostoptimalparametersaswellasthetoleratedrangesarespeciesspecificandabroadgeneralizationforthemostimportantparametersisgiveninTable2.2.Also,thevariousfactorsmaybeinterdependentandaparameterthatisoptimalforonesetofconditionsisnotnecessarilyoptimalforanother.

2.3.1.1.Culturemedium/nutrients

Concentrationsofcellsinphytoplanktonculturesaregenerallyhigherthanthosefoundinnature.Algalculturesmustthereforebeenrichedwithnutrientstomakeupforthedeficienciesi