英语职称考试重点复习资料.docx

英语职称考试重点复习资料.docx

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英语职称考试重点复习资料

CitizenScientists

Understandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoringkeylifecycle1e—vents—flowering，theappearanceofleaves，thefirstfrogcallsofthespring——allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan’tbeeverywheresothey’returningtonon一scientists,sometimescalledcit—izenscientists，forhelp．

Climatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomanyplacesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem，they’reaskingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrosstheworld.Thecitizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoob—serveaveryspecificresearchinterest——birds，trees，flowersbudding，etc.——andsendtheirob—servationstoagiantdatabasetobeobservedbyprofessionalscientists.Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathattheywouldneverbeabletogatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelpinglargepublicationscoverahyper—localbeat2,citizenscientistsarereadyfortheconditionswheretheylive.Allthat’sneededtobecomeoneisafewminuteseachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.

AgroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledtheNationalPhe—Nology4Network.’’Phenology”iswhatscientistscallthestudyofthetimingofeventsinnature.

Oneofthegroup’sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon—scientistsaliketocollectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Theprogram，calledProjectBudBurst，collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrosstheUnitedStatesPeopleparticipatingintheproject——whichisopentoeveryone—recordtheirobservationsontheProiectBudBurstwebsite．

“Peopledon’thavetobeplantexperts—theyjusthavet0100karoundandseewhat’sintheir

neighborhood，”saysJenniferSchwartz，aneducationconsultantwiththeProject．Aswecollect

thisdata．we’llbeabletomakeanestimateofhowplantsandcommunities5ofplantsandanimals

willrespondastheclimatechanges”.

1．Ecologiststurntonon—scientistcitizensforhelpbecausetheyneedthem

A）toprovidetheirpersonallifecycles

B）toobservethelifecycleofplants

C）tocollectdataofthelifecycleoflivingthings

D）toteachchildrenknowledgeaboutclimatechange

2．Whatarecitizenscientistsaskedtodo?

A）Todevelopaspecificresearchinterestandbecomeprofessionalscientists

B）Tosendtheirresearchobservationstoaprofessionaldatabase

C）Toincreasetheirknowledgeaboutclimatechange

D）Tokeeparecordoftheirresearchobservations

3·In“Allthat’sneededtobecomeone….（paragraph2）”，whatdoestheword"one"standsfor?

A）acitizenjournalist

B）acitizenscientist

C）ascientist

D）acitizen．

4．WhatisNOTtrueofprojectBudBurst?

A）Onlyexpertscanparticipateinit．

B）Everybodycanparticipateinit

C）Itcollectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplants．

D）Ithasitsownwebsite．

5．WhatisthefinalpurposeofProjectBudBurst?

A）Tostudywhenplantswillhavetheirfirstbuds

B）Tofindoutthetypesofplantsintheneighborhood

C）TocollectlifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrosstheUnitedStates

D）Toinvestigatehowplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges．

ArcticMelt

Earth’sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbeingcoldandicy.Lastyear,however,theamountoficeintheArcticOceanfelltoarecordlow．

Normally,icebuildsinArcticwatersaroundtheNorthPoleeachwinterandshrinksduringthesummer.Butformanyyears,theamountoficeleftbytheendofsummerhasbeendeclining.

Sincel979，eachdecadehasseenanll.4percentdropinend-of-summericecover2.Between

1981and2000，iceintheArcticlost22percentofitsthickness—becoming1.13metersthinner.

Lastsummer，Arcticseaicereacheditsskimpiestlevelsyet.Bytheendofsummer2007,theicehadshrunktocoverjust4.2millionsquarekilometers.That’s38percentlessareathantheaver-agecoveratthattimeofyear．Andit’saverylarge23percentbelowthepreviousrecordlow，whichwassetjust2yearsago．Thiscontinuingtrendhasscientistsconcerned．

Theremaybeseveralreasonsfortheicemelt，saysJinlunZhang，anoceanographerattheU—niversityofWashington3inSeattle.UnusuallystrongwindsblewthroughtheArcticlastsummer.ThewindspushedmuchoftheiceoutofthecentralArctic，leavingalargeareaofthiniceandopenwater4。

ScientistsalsosuspectthatfewercloudscovertheArcticnowthaninthepast.Clearerskiesal-1owmoresunlighttoreachtheocean.Theextraheatwarmsboththewaterandtheatmosphere.InpartsoftheArcticOceanlastyear,surfacetemperatureswere3.50Celsiuswarmerthanaverageand1.50Cwannerthanthepreviousrecordhigh5

Withbothairandwatergettingwarmer，theiceismeltingfrombothaboveandbelow.In

somepartsoftheBeaufortSea6，northofAlaskaandwesternCanada，icethatmeasured3.3m

thickatthebeginningofthesummermeasuredjust50centimetersbyseason’send.

Thenewmeasurementssuggestthatmeltingisfarmoreseverethanscientistshaveseenbyjustlookingaticecoverfromabove，saysDonaldK.Perovich，ageophysicistattheU.SArmyColdRegionsResearchandEngineeringLaboratoryinHanover，N.H．7

SomescientistsfearthattheArcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecov—er.

1Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword“build”inthefirstsentenceofthesec—ondparagraph?

A）Construct．

B）Extend

C）Create

D）Expand．

2WhatistheicecoverintheArcticbytheendof2007summer?

A）4.2millionsquarekilometers．

B）114millionsquarekilometers

C）1．13millionsquarekilometers．

D）38millionsquarekilometers

3Whatarethereasonsfortheicemeltaccordingtothescientists?

A）Strongwindsandclearskies．

B）Longsummerandshortwinter

C）Openwaterandthinice．

D）Lightcloudsandlightwinds

4Whyistheicemeltingfrombothaboveandbelow?

A）Becauseextraheatwarmstheair

B）Becauseextraheatwarrusthewater

C）Becausethetemperatureabovethewaterishigher

D）BothAandB

5Whatcanbeapossibletitleforthepassage?

A）WhatarescientistslookingforintheArcticOcean7

B）WhatarescientistsdoingintheArcticOcean7

C）WhyarescientistsworryingabouttheArcticOcean?

D）WhyarescientistsinterestedintheArcticOcean?

ExpertsCallforLocalandRegionalControlofSitesforRadioactiveWaste

ThewithdrawalofNevada’sYuccaMountainasapotentialnuclearwasterepositorylhasreo—penedthedebateoverhowandwheretodisposeofspentnuclearfuelandhigh—levelnuclearwaste.InanarticleintheJuly10issueofScience，UniversityofMichigan2geologistRodneyEwingandPrincetonUniversity3nuclearphysicistFrankvonHippelarguethat，althoughfederalagenciesshouldsetstandardsandissuelicensesfortheapprovalofnuclearfacilities，localcommunitiesandstatesshouldhavethefinalapprovalonthesitingofthesefacilities.Theauthorsproposethedevel—opmentofmultiplesitesthatwouldservicetheregionswherenuclearreactorsarelocated.

“Themaingoal…..shouldbetoprovidetheUnitedStateswithmultiplealternativesandsub—stantialpublicinvolvementinanopensitinganddesignprocessthatrequiresacceptancebyhostcommunitiesandstates，”theauthorswrite.

EwingandvonHippelalsoanalyzethereasonswhyYuccaMountain，selectedbyCongress4in1987astheonlysitetobeinvestigatedforlong—termnuclearwastedisposal,finallywasshelved5aftermorethanthreedecadesofoftencontroversialdebate.Thereasonsincludethesite’sgeologicalproblems，managementproblems，importantchangesintheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency’sstandard，unreliablefundingandthefailuretoinvolvelocalcmrmmnitiesinthedecision—makingprocess.

Goingforward，effortsshouldbedirectedatlocatingstoragefacilitiesinthenation’snortheas—ern，southeastern，midwestemandwesternregions，andstateswithinagivenregionshouldbe—sponsiblefordevelopingsolutionsthatsuittheirparticularcircumstances.Transportationofnuclearwasteoverlongdistances，whichwasaconcernwiththeYuccaMountainsite，wouldbelessofaproblembecausetemporarystorageorgeologicaldisposalsitescouldbelocatedclosertoreactors.

“ThisregionalapproachwouldbesimilartothecurrentapproachinEurope，wherespentnu—clearfuel6andhigh-levelnuclearwaste7fromaboutl50reactorsandreprocessingplantsistobemovedtoanumberofgeologicalrepositoriesinavarietyofrocktypes8，”saidRodneyEwing，whohaswrittenextensivelyabouttheimpactofnuclearwastemanagementontheenvironmentandwhohasanalyzedsafetyassessmentcriteriaforthecontroversialYuccaMountainnuclearwastereposito-ry.

1.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestsubstitutetheword“withdrawal“inthefirstparagraph?

ARetirement

BCanceling

CReplaced

DDisposal

2．AccordingtoRodneyEwingandFrandvonHippel，wheretolocatenuclearfacilities

Ashouldbeapprovedbythefederalgovernment．

Bshouldbeapprovedbylocalpeopleandstates．

CshouldbeapprovedbyCongress

Disnotanimportantissue

3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutthel987decisionbyCongressconcerningsitingofnuclearwastedis—posal

AYuccaMountainwasselectedastheonlysiteforanuclearwasterepository

BTheselectionofYuccaMountainfornuclearwastedisposalcausedmuch：

controversy

CThedecisionbyCongresswasputasideduetoanumberofproblems

DThedecisionbyCongresswasacceptedbylocalcommunities．

4.Whatdoestheauthoroftheessayinthefourthparagraphwanttosay?

determine

AEffortsshouldbemadetosolvetheproblemsoftransportationofnuclearwasteoverlong

distance

BEffortsshould