ThemarineDieselengine中文翻译.docx
《ThemarineDieselengine中文翻译.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《ThemarineDieselengine中文翻译.docx(8页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
ThemarineDieselengine中文翻译
ThemarineDieselengine
Authoredby:
MartinLeduc
Heatenginesaresometimesreferredtoasbeingmotors.Actually,amotorconvertsoneformofenergyintousefulworkwithouttheintentionalproductionofheat,suchasanelectricmotor.Adevicewhichburnsfuelcreatingheattoperformworkisaheatengine.Heatenginescanbeclassifiedasexternalcombustion,suchassteamboiler,orinternalcombustion(IC).Theycanfurtherbedividedintothesparkignited(SI)engineorthecompressionignitedengine(CI).Theparticularheatengineweareinterestedaboutwiththiswebpage,istheCompressionIgnitedheatengine.ThisstyleofenginehasbeenmostfamouslyreferredtoastheDieselengine,namedafterit’sinventor,RudolphDiesel.
Thecompressionignitedinternalcombustionenginehastwomaindesigns:
thefourstrokecycle,andthetwostrokecycleengine.Theyarebothverycommonthroughouttheworldbecauseoftheirhighefficiency-comparewithothertypesofheatengines.Theyburnawidevarietyofhydrocarbonfuel,whichisstillcommon.Heavyfueloil,intermediatefueloilandmarinedieseloilarethemostcommonhydrocarbonfuel.Thetwostrokeandfourstroketitlesreferstothemechanicalactionofthemachinery,inparticularthepistonwithinthecylinder,toachievethetheoreticalCarnotheatcycle,asdefinebythelawsofthermodynamics.
Dieselenginesarefurthermoresub-dividedintothreecategories:
slow,mediumandhighspeed.Slowspeedareconsideredtobeupto300rpmsuchasmostbigtwostrokeenginescommonlyfoundonships.Mediumspeedenginesdwellinthe300-900rpmrange.Theyaremostcommononsmallershipsandpowerplantsdriving electricalgeneratorsand/orthepropeller.Highspeedenginesarethemostcommon.Theirhighrevolutionsareidealfordrivingvehiclessuchasbussesandyachts.AllDieseltrucksandvehiclesonourroadsusethisclassofDiesels,havinganrpmover900.
Thetwostrokeengine...
Ittakestwostrokestocompleteapowercycle:
onestrokedown,onestrokeup,resultinginoneturnofthecrankshaft.Asopposetothefourstrokewhichmustseethepistonperformfourstrokesandtwocrankrotations,inordertoachieveonecycle.Thepowerstrokeoccursateverydownstrokewhichwouldleadustobelievethetwostroketobetwiceasefficient.Onlargeplants,thetwostrokeisabout1.8:
1morepowerfulthanafourstrokeengineofsimilarweight.Onsmallerapplication,i.e.abus, thepower/poundgapcloses,andtheeffectivehorsepowerofsimilarsizedengineswillbeaboutthesameforthetwoandfourstroke.
Thetwostrokeismostcommonlyseeninapplicationdemandingalargepoweroutput,suchasshipsandelectricgenerationplants.Intheworldofships,theseenginesarelarge,especiallytall;thisistoaccommodatethelongstrokeenginedesignershavecomeupwithtoincreasetheefficiencyofthepowerstroke.Additionally,thelargephysicalsizeofthesepowerplantstendstoslowthemdown.
Thisslowspeed,around100rpm,hastwobenefitstoanownerofaships.Thefirst,probablythemostimportant,allowstheenginetoburnheavyfueloil(HFO)efficiently.Although,theblack,tarlikesubstancecanbeusedasfuelinboththefourstrokeandtwostrokeengine.Thisfuelismuchcheaper,currentlyaround$150USD/ton,comparedtothe"ordinary"refineddieselfueloil(MDO),withthecostbeingaround$300USD/ton.
Slowspeed,alsoallowsadirectcouplingofthepropellershafttothecrankshaft,eliminatingtheneedforgearingandsuch.Thereductionofassociatedgearservestoincreasetheirpowertoweightratiowhichusuallyequatestolowercost.Additionally,thetwostrokeengineshavealesscomplicateddesign,namelynointakevalves,thisreducethepossibilityofthingsfailing.Theseattributesgivethetwostrokeengineadvantagesoverthefourstrokes,makingitengineofchoiceforalmostalllargedeepseaships.
Themostprominentbuildersoflarge,slowspeed,twostrokeengineareSulzerofSwitzerland,producerofthefirstbigtwostrokedesign,andBurmeister&Wain(B&W)ofDenmark,thepioneersoftheengine’sapplicationtoshipdesign.Othermanufactureralsoproducethesetypesofengine,suchasKawasaki(Japan),Hyundai(Korea)andFincantieriNaval(Italy)tonameafew.MostshipbuilderbuildtheSulzerorB&Wenginesunderlicense.Totheland-lubber,thebiggestbuilderoftwostrokeengineistheDetroitDieselCorporation,nowownedbyDaimlerChrysler."GeeMees",astheyarecommonlyknown,canbefoundextensivelyintransitbusses,firetrucksandmanymilitaryapplications.EMD,anotherdivisionofGeneralMotors,alsobuildstwostrokeenginewhichareverycommonontheNorthAmericancoastandinlocomotives.Twostrokeenginehaveawidevarietyofpoweroutputfromthe353DetroitDieselwithanoutputoflessthan75kWtoaSulzerRT-flex96Cproducinga80,080kWorabout109,000bhpfromfourteencylindersturningat102rpm,nottobeoutdoneMANB&WhascomeoutwiththeK108ME-C.Thisthingsisun-precedentbig!
LiketheSulzer,itsa14cylinder,butthebore,theareaofthetopofthepiston,is108cm,that'soverameterwide.Itcanproduceamindnumbing97,300kW,over130,000hp,turningapropellerofalmost30feetwideat94rpm.Boththeseenginesaredeveloptopowerthelatestandlargestcontainerships,expectedtocarry10,000to12,000teu,orabout6000tractortrailertrucks.
Thecomponents...
Theheartofthetwostrokeenginecomprisesofacylinderlinerwithinletportsabout2/3ofthedistancefromthetopoftheliner.Thecylinderhead,alsoknowascylindercover,containtheexhaustvalve's)(picturedabove).Thepistonwithinthecylinderisconnectedtothecrankshaftbytheconnectingrod.Onthelargerengines,thepoweristransmittedtoacrossheadassemblyfirst.Thecrossheadslideupanddownwiththepistonandtransmitpowerfromittotheconnectingrodandcrankshaft.
Thetwostrokeengineisnotanaturallyaspiratedengine.Itdependsapositivechargeofairtofillandscavengethecylinder.Thisisprovidedbyablowerwhichchargestheairbox.Theblowercanbemechanicallydriven,suchasontheGeeMeesorelectricmotordrivenonthebiggerengines.Mostenginesnowadaysaresupercharged(turbocharger)aswell.
Thechainreaction...
Describingtheactionofthepistonwithinthecylindergenerallystartwiththepistoninthebottomdeadcenterposition(BDC),attheendofitstraveldownwardbeforeit’stravelupwards.Withthepiston,havingcoveredtheintakeports,travelsupwards,compressingthetrappedairfromitsoriginalvolumetoafractionofit,generallyanywherefrom17:
1to23:
1(gasenginesareabout9:
1)toabout42bars(~600psi).Theair’svolumereductioncrushestheairmoleculetogetherandasaresulttheybuildupheat.
Slightlybeforetopdeadcenter(TDC),around10degrees,injectionofatomizedfuelbegins,itburns,ignitedbythehightemperaturefromtotheairbeingcompressed.Injectionlastabout30degrees,thisvariesdependingonload.Thefuelcontinuestoburnandexpandswhichincreasesthepressureandtemperaturewithinthecylinder.Around15degreesafterTDC,combustioniscompleteandmaximumpressureisreachedwithinthecylinder,thisstageiscommonlycalledPmax.Pmaxisanywherebetween180barsto195bars(~2500-2800psi);thisiswhyDieselengineconstructionissorobust,itistowithstandthispressure.
Twostrokeenginetimingdiagram
Saidtwostrokeengineisatimingdiagram
1-2fuelinjector,2-3powerstroke,3-5exhaustphase,4-6intakephase,6-1compressionstroke
Thepressureforceactsupontheareaofthepistoncrown,pushingitdown.Thisdownwardforceistransmittedtothecrankshaftbytheconnectingrod,transformingitintoarotationalforce.About45degreesbeforeBDCandjustpriortouncoveringtheinletportsnearthebottomofthecylinder,theexhaustvalveopen,releasingthepressureinthecylinder.Theexhaustgasesatthisstageareabout600degrees.
Thecontinueddownwardtravelofthepistonuncoverstheinletports,wherepositivelychargedair,30-70kPa(3-4psi),providesascavengingeffecttodriveexhaustgasesoutthroughtheexhaustvalve.Thisactionnotonlyclearsthecylinderofspentgasesbutalsocoolsthecylinder.Around35degreesafterBDCtheexhaustvalvecloses,andat50degreesafterBDCtheinletportsarecovered(closed).
Withtheinletportsbeingcoveredbytheupwardtravelingpiston,thecompressionstrokebeginsagainwithafreshchargeofair.Thusthetwostrokeearnsit’sname,onedownwards(powerstroke)andtheupwardstroke(compressionstroke)completeonecycle.
Theaboveprocessisbestillustratedbythefollowingdiagram