国际商务英语 课件整理.docx

国际商务英语 课件整理.docx

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国际商务英语课件整理

CHAPTER2

InternationalBusinessLaw

PROMISE

somethingthathastheeffectofanexpressassurance

indicationofwhatmaybeexpected.

COMMITMENT

theactofcommitting,pledging,orengagingoneself.

PLEDGE

•asolemnpromiseoragreementtodoorrefrainfromdoingsomething

apledgeofaid;

apledgenottowagewar.

Law.

a.theactofdeliveringgoods,property,etc.,toanotherforsecurity.

b.theresultinglegalrelationship

REMEDY

•1.somethingthatcuresorrelievesadiseaseorbodilydisorder;ahealingmedicine,application,ortreatment.

2.somethingthatcorrectsorremovesanevilofanykind.

3.Law.

•Legalredress;thelegalmeansofenforcingarightorredressingawrong.

Breach-Violationofduty,rightorlegalobligation.

Law~

•Law[4]isasystemofrules,usuallyenforcedthroughasetofinstitutions.[5]

•Itshapespolitics,economicsandsocietyinnumerouswaysandservesasaprimarysocialmediatorofrelationsbetweenpeople.

Contractlawregulateseverythingfrombuyingabustickettotradingonderivativesmarkets.

•Contractlawfocusesonwhatkindsofpromiseswillbeenforcedbyoursocietyandgovernmentandwhatkindofpromiseswillnotbebinding.

KindsofLaw

•CommonLaw

•CodeLaw

•CustomaryLaw

•MuslimLaw

•MixedLaw

commonlaw  

n.  ThesystemoflawsoriginatedanddevelopedinEnglandandbasedoncourtdecisions,onthedoctrinesimplicitinthosedecisions,andoncustomsandusagesratherthanoncodifiedwrittenlaws.

Asystemoflawthatisderivedfromjudges'decisions（whicharisefromthejudicialbranchofgovernment）,ratherthanstatutesorconstitutions（whicharederivedfromthelegislativebranchofgovernment）.

•Decision

•Ajudge'swrittenconclusionthatisarrivedataftersomeperiodofconsideration.

CODELAW

•Statute

•Aformalwrittenenactmentofalegislativebody.

•（Black'sLawDictionary）

JudicialBranchofGovernment

TheJudiciaryexplainsandappliesthelaws.

Thisbranchdoesthisbyhearingandeventuallymakingdecisionsonvariouslegalcases.

TheJudicialBranchisinchargeofthecourtsystem.

Therearethreedifferentkindsofcourtsfoundinthefederalcourtsystem.

DistrictCourt/LocalTrialCourt

AppellateCourt

•TheAppellateCourtshandlecaseswherethelosingpartybelievesthedecisionwaswrongorunfair.

AppellateCourt/CourtofAppeal

LegislativeBranchofGovernment

TheLegislativebranch,writeslawsonabill.

Civillaw

CivillawisalegalsysteminspiredbyRomanlaw,theprimaryfeatureofwhichisthatlawsarewrittenintoacollection,codified,andnotdetermined,asincommonlaw,byjudges.[1]

Theprincipleofcivillawistoprovideallcitizenswithanaccessibleandwrittencollectionofthelawswhichapplytothemandwhichjudgesmustfollow.

•Itisthemostprevalentandoldestsurvivinglegalsystemintheworld.

SUMMARY

COMMONLAW

•LAWbasedontraditionanddependinglessonwrittenstatutesandcodesthanonprecedentandcustom–usedintheUnitedStates.

CODE/CIVILLAW

LAWbasedcomprehensivesetofwrittenstatutes.

KeyPoints

1.WhatisaContract?

Aformalagreement,usuallyinwriting,thatisenforceableorbinding.

Itisapromiseorsetofpromisesforwhichthelawwillprovideremedyintheeventofbreach.

itistheresultofsomeagreementbetween2ormoreindividualsorgroups.

Theagreementcreatessomeobligationsamongthepartiesinvolved.

“freedomtocontract”

•Rightofanadulttomakealegallybindingmutualagreementwithoneormoreotherpersons,

withoutgovernmentalinterferenceastowhattypeofobligationsheorshecantakeuponhimselforherself.

•Mostpeoplehavetherightorabilitytoenterintocontracts

“freedomfromcontract”

sometimesthelawwillpreventtheenforcementofsomecontractsbecausetheymaybeunfairorunjust（called“freedomfromcontract”）.

•Somecontractsaresimpleandcanbeformedveryeasily.

Somearemorecomplicatedandmayrequiremanydocumentsorpagesofawrittenagreement.

Noteverycontracthastobeinwriting,butitmaybewisetoputsomecontractsinwritingtoavoiddisputesastowhattheexacttermsofthecontractare.

ELEMENTSOFACONTRACT

1.Agreement

–Offer

–Acceptance

2.Considerations

3.Legalcapacity

4.Legalpurpose

1.AGREEMENT

Anagreementisestablishedbyanofferandanacceptance.

OFFER

A:

presentingofsomethingforacceptance

B:

anundertakingtodoanactorgivesomethingonconditionthatthepartytowhomtheproposalismadedosomespecifiedactormakeareturnpromise

OFFERandACCEPTANCE

Asacontractisanagreement,anofferisanindicationbyoneperson（the"offeror"）toanother（the"offeree"）oftheofferor'swillingnesstoenterintoacontractoncertaintermswithoutfurthernegotiations.

Acontractissaidtocomeintoexistencewhenacceptanceofanoffer（agreementtothetermsinit）hasbeencommunicatedtotheofferorbytheofferee.

PARTIESTOANOFFER

•Offeror–thepersonwhomakesanoffer

•Offeree–thepersontowhomtheofferismade

Requirementsofalegitimateoffer:

Seriousintentbytheofferortobeboundbytheoffer

Notlegitimate/validoffer

Thelawprovides:

Seriousintentwillbedecidedbyanobjectiveviewofthecircumstances

•objectiveviewofthecircumstances–basedonfacts

•subjectiveviewofthecircumstances–basedonopinions

2.Reasonablycertainordefiniteterms

Definite

precise;explicitandclearlydefined;

knownforcertain

•predictablewithgreatconfidence

3.Communicationoftheofferbytheofferortotheofferee

WhatisNOTanOFFER?

Expressionofanopinion

Aninvitationtosubmitabid

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COUNTER-OFFER

•.anoffermadeinresponsetoapreviousofferbytheotherpartyduringnegotiationsforafinalcontract.

•Makingacounterofferautomaticallyrejectstheprioroffer

•Requiresanacceptanceunderthetermsofthecounterofferorthereisnocontract.

•Example:

SusanSellerofferstosellherhousefor$150,000,tobepaidin60days;BruceBuyerreceivestheofferandgivesSelleracounterofferof$140,000,payablein45days.

•Theoriginalofferisdead,despitetheshortertimeforpaymentsincethepriceislower.

•Sellerthencanchoosetoacceptat$140,000,counteragainatsomecompromiseprice,rejectthecounteroffer,orletitexpire.

ACCEPTANCE

•Acceptanceisthevoluntaryactbytheoffereethatshowsconsenttothetermsoftheoffer.

UnilateralContract

vs.

BilateralContract

UNILATERALCONTRACT

•Definition1

•Contractarisingwhereoneparty（thepromisor）makesanoffertopayanotherparty（thepromisee）inreturnfortheperformanceofanact,andthepromiseegiveshisorherassentbyperformingthesaidact.

•Arewardofferedforprovidingcertaininformationisanexampleofaunilateralcontract.

•Definition2

•Typeofcontractinwhichonlyoneofthecontractingpartiesisunderanenforceableobligation.

Forexample,underaninsurancecontract,onlytheinsurermakesapromise（tomakealossgoodorpaycompensation）whereastheinsureddoesnotmakeanypromiseand,tokeephispartofthedeal,onlypaysapremium.

ØInaunilateralcontract,onlyonepartytothecontractmakesapromise.

ØAbilateralcontract,isanagreementinwhicheachofthepartiestothecontractmakesapromiseorpromisestotheotherparty.

Forexample,inacontractforthesaleofahome,thebuyerpromisestopaytheseller$200,000inexchangefortheseller'spromisetodelivertitletotheproperty.

UnilateralContract

vs.

BilateralContract

UNILATERALCONTRACT

Inaunilateralcontract,onlyonepartytothecontractmakesapromise.

BILATERALCONTRACT

ØReciprocalarrangementbetweentwopartiesunderwhichbothpartiespromisetoperformanactinexchangefortheotherparty'sact.

Acceptancemustbeunequivocal

•Itmustmatchthetermsoftheoffer.

Acceptancemustbethroughtheexclusivemeansofcommunicationauthorizedbytheofferor.

Acceptancemustbetimelyinordertobeeffectiveorvalid.

2.CONSIDERATIONS

Considerationisthelegalconceptofvalueinconnectionwithcontracts.

Itisanythingofvalueinthecommonsense,promisedtoanotherwhenmakingacontract.

•Itcantaketheformofmoney,physicalobjects,services,promisedactions,orevenabstinencefromafutureaction.

Ifeitherpromiseealreadyhadalegalobligationtorendersuchpayment,itcannotbeseenasconsiderationinthelegalsense.

•Incommonlawconsiderationitisaprerequisitethatbothpartiesoffersomeconsiderationbeforeacontractcanbethoughtofasbinding.

3.LEGALCAPACITY

•Sometimesthecapacityofeithernaturalorartificialpersonstoeitherenforcecontracts,orhavecontractsenforcedagainstthemisrestricted.

Errantemployeesordirectorsmaybepreventedfromcontractingfortheircompany,becausetheyhaveactedultravires（beyondtheirpower）.

LEGALCAPACITY

Verysmallchildrenmaynotbeheldtobargainstheyhavemade,ontheassumptionthattheylackthematuritytounderstandwhattheyaredoing;

NOLEGALCAPACITY（minor）

•Anotherexamplemightbepeoplewhoarementallyincapacitated,eitherbydisabilityordrunkenness

NOLEGALCAPACITY（insane）

NOLEGALCAPACITY（drunk）

NOLEGALCAPACITY（drugaddict）

Whenthelawlimitsorbarsapersonfromengaginginspecifiedactivities,anyagreementsorcontractstodosoareeithervoidableorvoidforincapacity.

Thelawoncapacitycanserveeitheraprotectivefunctionorcanbeawayofrestrainingpeoplewhoactasagentsforothers.

4.LEGALPURPOSE

•Foracontracttobeenforceableunder