精校版语言学名词解释.docx

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精校版语言学名词解释

完整word版,语言学名词解释

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Chapter1:

Introduction

1。

Linguistics:

Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage。

8.langue:

Langereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

9.parole:

Parolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse。

10。

competence:

Theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage。

11。

performance:

Theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.

12.language:

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication。

13.designfeatures:

Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication。

14。

arbitrariness:

Arbitrarinessreferstonologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningandsound。

15.productivity:

Userscanunderstandandproducesentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore。

16.duality:

Languageconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,withlowerleverofsound,whichismeaningless,andthehigherleverofmeaning。

17。

displacement:

Languagecanbeusedtorefertothecontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationofthespeakernomatterhowfarawayfromthetopicofconversationintimeorspace。

18.culturaltransmission:

Languageisculturallytransmitted.Itistaughtandlearnedfromonegenerationtothenext,ratherthanbyinstinct。

Chapter2:

Phonology

1.phonicmedium:

Themeaningfulspeechsoundinhumancommunication。

2.phonetics:

Thestudyofphonicmediumoflanguageanditisconcernedwithallsoundsintheworld'slanguages。

3.articulatoryphonetics:

Itstudiessoundsfromthespeaker'spointofview,i。

e.howaspeakeruseshisspeechorganstoarticulatethesounds.

4.auditoryphonetics:

Thestudiessoundsfromthehearer'spointofview,i.e。

howthesoundsareperceivedbythehearer。

5.acousticphonetics:

Itstudiesthewaysoundstravelbylookingatthesoundwaves,thephysicalmeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedthroughtheairfromonepersontoanother。

6.voicing:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwiththevibrationofthevocalcords。

7。

voiceless:

thewaythatsoundsareproducedwithnovibrationofthevocalcords.

8.broadtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbolsonlytoshowthesoundsorsoundssequencesinwrittenform.

9。

narrowtranscription:

Theuseoflettersymbol,togetherwiththediacriticstoshowsoundsinwrittenform.

10。

diacritics:

Thesymbolsusedtoshowdetailedarticulatoryfeaturesofsounds.

11.IPA:

shortforInternationalPhoneticAlphabets,asystemofsymbolsconsistsoflettersanddiacritics,usedtorepresentthepronunciationofwordsinanylanguage.

12.aspiration:

Alittlepuffofairthatsometimesfollowsaspeechsound。

13.mannerofarticulation:

Themannerinwhichobstructioniscreated.

14。

placeofarticulation:

Theplacewhereobstructioniscreated。

15.consonant:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamisobstructedinonewayoranother。

16。

vowel:

aspeechsoundinwhichtheairstreamfromthelungmeetswithnoobstruction。

17。

monophthong:

theindividualvowel。

18.diphthong:

Thevowelwhichconsistsoftwoindividualvowels,andfunctionsasasingleone。

19。

phone:

Thespeechsoundweusewhenspeakingalanguage。

20。

phoneme:

Thesmallestunitofsoundinalanguagewhichcandistinguishtwosounds。

21。

allophone:

anydifferentformsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

22。

phonology:

Thedescriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning。

23.phonemiccontrast:

twosimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentanddistinguishmeaning.

24.complementarydistribution:

allophonesofthesamephonemeandtheydon’tdistinguishmeaningbutcomplementeachotherindistribution.

25.minimalpair:

twodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundandoccursinthesameposition。

Thetwosoundsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.

26.sequentialrules:

Therulestogovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage.

27。

assimilationrule:

Theruleassimilatesonesoundtoanotherbycopyingafeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar.

28.deletionrule:

Therulethatasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented。

29。

suprasegmentalfeatures:

Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments——-—syllable,word,sentence。

30.tone:

Tonesarepitchvariations,whicharecausedbythedifferingratesofvibrationofthevocalcords。

31.intonation:

Whenpitch,stressandsoundlengtharetiedtothesentenceratherthanthewordinisolation,theyarecollectivelyknownasintonation。

Chapter3:

Morphology

1.morphology:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandrulesforwordformation。

2。

openclass:

Agroupofwords,whichcontainsanunlimitednumberofitems,andnewwordscanbeaddedtoit.

3.closedclass:

Arelativelyfewwords,includingconjunctions,prepositionsandpronouns,andnewwordsarenotusuallyaddedtothem。

4。

morpheme:

Thesmallestunitofmeaningofalanguage.Itcannotbedividedwithoutalteringordestroyingitsmeaning.

5。

affix:

aletteroragroupofletter,whichisaddedtoaword,andwhichchangesthemeaningorfunctionoftheword,includingprefix,infixandsuffix。

6.suffix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtotheendofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthepartofspeechofaword。

7。

prefix:

Theaffix,whichisaddedtothebeginningofaword,andwhichusuallychangesthemeaningofawordtoitsopposite。

8。

boundmorpheme:

Morphemethatcannotbeusedalone,anditmustbecombinedwitothers.E.g。

–ment。

9。

freemorpheme:

amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaword.

10.derivationalmorpheme:

Boundmorpheme,whichcanbeaddedtoastemtoformanewword。

11。

inflectionalmorpheme:

Akindofmorpheme,whichareusedtomakegrammaticalcategories,suchasnumber,tenseandcase.

12。

morphologicalrules:

Thewayswordsareformed.Theserulesdeterminehowmorphemescombinetoformwords.

13.compoundwords:

Acombinationoftwoormorewords,whichfunctionsasasinglewords

14.inflection:

themorphologicalprocesswhichadjustswordsbygrammaticalmodification,e。

g.inTherainscame,rainisinflectedforpluralityandcameforpasttense.

Chapter4:

Syntax

1.syntax:

Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences。

2.category:

Itreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb。

6。

phrase:

syntacticunitsthatarebuiltaroundacertainwordcategoryarecalledphrase,thecategoryofwhichisdeterminedbythewordcategoryaroundwhichthephraseisbuilt。

8.head:

Thewordroundwhichphraseisformedistermedhead.

9.specifier:

Thewordsontheleftsideoftheheadsaresaidtofunctionasspecifiers。

10。

complement:

Thewordsontherightsideoftheheadsarecomplements。

11。

phrasestructurerule:

Thespecialtypeofgrammaticalmechanismthatregulatesthearrangementofelementsthatmakeupaphraseiscalledaphrasestructurerule.

14.coordination:

Somestructuresareformedbyjoiningtwoormoreelementsofthesametypewiththehelpofaconjunctionsuchasandoror.Suchphenomenonisknownascoordination。

15。

subcategorization:

Theinformationaboutaword’scomplementisincludedintheheadandtermedsuncategorization。

16。

complementizer:

Wordswhichintroducethesentencecomplementaretermedcomplementizer.

17。

complementclause:

Thesentenceintroducedbythecomplementizeriscalledacomplementclause.

18.complementphrase:

theelements,includingacomplementizerandacomplementclauseiscalledacomplementphrase.

19。

matrixclause:

thecontrusctioninwhichthecomplementphraseisembeddediscalledmatrixclause。

20。

modifier:

theelement,whichspecifiesoptionallyexpressiblepropertiesofheadsiscalledmodifier.

21.transformation:

aspecialtypeofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother

22.inversion:

theprocessoftransformationthatmovestheauxiliaryfromtheInflpositiontoapositiontotheleftofthesubject,iscalledinversion。

23.Doinsertion:

Intheprocessofformingyes-noquestionthatdoesnotcontainanovertInfl,interrogativedoisinsertedintoanemptyInflpositontomaketransformationwork.

24。

deepstructure:

AlevelofabstractsyntacticrepresentationformedbytheXPrule.

25。

surfacestructure:

Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationafterapplyingthenecessarysyntacticmovement,i.e。

transformation,tothedeepstructure。

(05)

26.universalgrammar:

theinnatenessprinciplesandpropertiesthatpertaintothegrammarsofallhumanlanguages。

Chapter5:

Semantics

1。

semantics:

Semanticscanbesimplydefinedasthestudyofmeaning.

3。

sense:

Senseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform。

Itisthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform.Itisabstractandde—contexturalized。

Itistheaspectofmeaningdictionarycompilersareinterestedin.

4。

reference:

Referencemeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld。

Itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience。

5。

synonymy:

Synonymyreferstothesamenessorclosesimilarityofmeaning。

Wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms。

6。

dialectalsynonyms:

synonymsthatareusedindifferentregional

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