英语国家概况笔记.docx

英语国家概况笔记.docx

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英语国家概况笔记

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

英国的历史分四部分:

1.TheOriginsofaNation

2.TheShapingoftheNation

3.TransitiontotheMordernAge

4.TheRiseandFalloftheBritishEmpire

HistoryofUK

Earlysettlers->RomanBritain->Anglo-Saxons->theVikingandDanishInvations->theNormanConquest

NormanRule->theGreatCharter->theHundredYears'WarwithFrance->theBlackdeathandthepeasantuprising

theEnglishReformation->ElizabethI->theEnglishRenaissance->JamesI->CharlesI->theCivilWar->thecommonwealth->theGloriusRevolution

Twoparties（WhigsandTories）->Agriculturalchanges->theIndustrialRevolution->theChartistMovement->TradeunionsandtheLabourParty->ColonialExpansion->inthetwoWorldWars

Chapter1LandandPeople

第一部分：

DifferentNamesforBritainanditsParts

1.选择题/简答题：

TheofficialnameoftheUnitedKingdomistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

2.选择题/简答题：

TheBritishIslesaremadeupoftwolargeislands-GreatBritain（thelargerone）andIreland,andhundredsofsmallones.

TherearethreepoliticaldivisionsontheislandofGreatBritain：

England,ScotlandandWales

3.简答题：

Whydopeopletendtouse"England"and"English"whentheymean"Britain"and"British"?

Englandisthelargest,mostpopulousandgenerallyspeakingtherichestsection.Sopeopletendtouse“England”and“English”whentheymean“Britain”and“British”.

4.名词解释：

theCommonwealthofNations或theBritishCommonwealth

TheCommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.。

第二部分：

GeographicalFeatures

1.选择题/简答题：

Britainisanislandcountry.Itissurroundedbythesea.ItliesinthenorthAtlanticOceanoffthenorthcoastofEurope.

2.选择题/简答题：

BritainisseparatedfromtherestofEuropebytheEnglishChannelinthesouthandNorthSeaintheeast.

3.名词解释/简答题：

TheEnglishChannelbetweenEnglandandFranceisquitenarrowandthenarrowestpartiscalledtheStraitsofDover,whichisonly33kmacross.

4.名词解释：

Chunnel

ChunnelstandsforchannelandtunnelwhichwascutundertheStraitsofDover.WithitEnglandandFrancejointogetherbyroad.The“Chunnel”wasopentotrafficinMay1994.

5.选择题/简答题：

ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighlands.

Theeastandsoutheastaremostlylowlands.

6.选择题/简答题：

England:

130,000平方公里

ThePenninesaretheprincipalmountainchain.

ThehighestpeakofEnglandisScafell,intheLakeDistrictinnorth-westEngland.

7.识记要点：

BenNevis（1343m）,thehighestmountaininBritainislocatedinScotland.

8.选择题/简答题：

Therearethreenaturalzones:

theHighlandsinthenorth,thecentralLowlands,andthesouthernUplands.

9.NorthernIreland:

BelfastisthecapitalofNorthernIreland.

第三部分：

RiversandLakes

1.RiversinBritaindonotfreezeinwinter.

*Eastcoastrivers:

Tweed/Tyne/Tee/Thames

Westcoastrivers:

Clyde/Mersey/Severn

2.ThelongestriveristheSevernRiverwhichisonly338kmlong

3.ThesecondlargestandmostimportantriverinBritainistheThamesRiver（336km）.

4.识记要点：

OxfordisalsoontheThames.

RiverClydeisthemostimportantriverinScotland.

5.选择题：

LoughNeaghisthelargestlakeinBritain,locatedinthenorthernIrland.

6.选择题/简答题：

TheLakeDistrictisoneofthepopulartouristattractionsinBritain.Itiswellknownforitswildandbeautifulsceneryand15lakes.

第四部分：

Climate

1.识记要点：

ThoughitseemsthatpeoplearealwayscomplainingabouttheweatherinBritainbecauseitisrainyandsochangeableandunpredictable,theclimateinBritainisinfactafavorableone.

2.简答题：

请简要描述英国的气候状况。

Ithasafavourablemaritimeclimate-wintersaremild,nottoocoldandsummersarecool,nottoohot,andithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.

3.简答题：

影响英国气候的三个主要因素：

（1）Thesurroundingwaters大不列颠岛周围的海域

（2）Theprevailingsouth-westwinds盛行的西南风

（3）TheNorthAtlanticDrift北大西洋暖流

4.简答题：

英国气候有那些特点？

为什么会有这些特点？

SinceBritain’sclimateisofthemaritimetype,itischaracterisedbycooltemperatures,frequentcloudydaysandrainstorms.

5.识记要点：

Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.

6.识记要点：

TheaverageannualrainfallinBritain:

over1000mm.

7.识记要点：

AsaresultoftherainfalldistributioninBritainthereisawatersurplusinthenorthandwest,andawaterdeficitinthesouthandeast.

第五部分ThePeople

1.识记要点：

90%ofthepopulationisurbanandonly10%isrural

2.识记要点：

ThereisagreatconcentrationofpopulationinEngland.

3.选择题/简答题：

TheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons,buttheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts.

4.选择题：

TheCeltscametoBritainafter700BC.LatertheywereconqueredbytheRomans.

5.选择题/简答题：

TheGermanicconquerorsgiveEnglandit’sname“Angle”land.

6.选择题/简答题：

ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-SaxonsthattheEnglishpeopleandEnglishlanguagewereborn.

7.识记要点：

TheEnglishhavemanydifferencesinregionalspeech.ThechiefdivisionisbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.GenerallyspeakingsouthernersspeakthetypeofEnglishclosertoBBCEnglish.

8.名词解释：

Cockney（伦敦东区人）

ACockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells--thebellsofthechurchofSt.MaryLeBowineastLondon.

9.选择题：

Regionalspeechisusually"broader"innorthernEnglandthanthatofsouthernEngland.

10.选择题：

TheancestorsoftheWelshweretheancientBritons.

TheWelshareemotionalandcheerfulpeople.Theyaremusicloversandproudoftheirpast.

11.选择题/简答题：

WelshisanancientCelticlanguage.ItwasgivenequalitywithEnglishforallofficialuseinWalesin1965.

12.选择题：

ScotsareproundthattheEnglishneverconquredthem.

14.选择题：

ManyScottishnamesbeginwithM’,McorMac,whichmeans"sonof"inGealic,theoldCelticlanguageoftheScots.

本章重点课后题：

1.WhatarethedifferencesbetweenBritainandtheBritishIsles,GreatBritain,England,theUnitedKingdomandtheBritishCommonwealth?

-----TheBritishIsles,GreatBritainandEnglandaregeographicalnames,nottheofficialnamesofthecountry,whiletheofficialnameistheUnitedKingdom,butthefullnameistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.TheBritishCommonwealthisafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.

3.WhereaboutsinGreatBritainaremostlyhighlandandlowland?

-----ThenorthandwestofBritainaremainlyhighland,whiletheeastandsouth-eastaremostlylowlands.

4.DoseBritainhaveafavourableclimate?

Why?

-----Yes,ithasafavourableclimate.Becauseithasamaritimetypeofclimate--winterismild,nottoocold,andsummeriscool,nottoohot.Ithasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.Ithasasmallrangeoftemperature,too.

7.WhatarethethreenaturalzonesinScotland?

-----ThethreenaturalzonesinScotlandare:

theHighlandsinthenorth,thecentralLowlandsandthesouthernUplands.

8.WhatisthedifferencebetweentheancestorsoftheEnglishandScots,WelshandIrish?

-----TheancestorsoftheEnglishareAnglo-Saxons,whiletheScots,WelshandIrishareCelts.

Chapter2TheOriginsofaNation（5000BC—1066）

本章概要：

（1）最早的不列颠居民（5000BC--55BC）

（2）罗马人的入侵（55BC--410AD）

（3）盎格鲁·撒克逊人的入侵（446--871）

（4）丹麦人的入侵

（5）1066年的诺曼征服

第一部分：

EarlySettlers（from5000BC—55BC）

1.选择题：

ThefirstknownsettlersofBritainweretheIberians（古代伊比利亚人）.

2.识记要点：

Atabout2000BCtheBeakerFolkarrivedfromtheareasnowknownasHollandandtheRhineland.

Thesepeopletooktheirnamefromtheirdistinctivebell-shapeddrinkingvesselswithwhichtheywereburiedincrouchingpositionsinindividualgraves.（beaker:

大口杯）[Keywords:

potterymaking/bronzetools/hillforts/customofindividualburial.

3.简答题：

TheCeltscametoBritaininthreemainwaves.

ThefirstwaveweretheGaels（盖尔人）;thesecondwaveweretheBrythons（布立吞人）;thirdwaveweretheBelgae（比利其人）,themostindustriousandvigorousoftheCeltictribes.

4.选择题：

TheCelts’religionwasDruidism.

第二部分：

RomanBritain（55BC—410AD）

1.选择题/简答题：

BritishrecordedhistorybeginswiththeRomaninvasion.

2.Attention:

在记RomanBritain这部分内容时，可以和诺曼征服（NormanConquest）相结合来理解，这两个事件都在英国历史上有划时代的意义，英国有记录的历史开始于罗马人的入侵，而1066年的诺曼征服是英国历史上最有影响的事件（TheNormanConquestof1066isperhapsthebest-knowneventinEnglishhistory.）

3.简答题：

JuliusCaesar,thegreatRomangeneral,invadedBritainforthefirsttimein55BC,partlytogatherinformationabouttheislandandpartlytopunishtheBelgaewhohadhelpedtheirfellowtribesmenintheirfightagainsttheconqueringRomansinGaul（高卢）,thelandthatisnowFrance.

4.选择题：

Thesuccessfulinvasiondidnottakeplaceuntilnearlyacenturylater,inAD43,headedbytheEmperorClaudius.

5.WhywastheRomaninfluenceonBritainsolimited?

-----Fornearly400yearsBritainwasundertheRomanoccupation.Butitwasneveratotaloccupationfortworeasons.

First,somepartsofthecountryresisted

Secondly，RomantroopswereoftenwithdrawnfromBritaintofightinotherpartsoftheRomanEmpire.

Thirdly,TheRomansalwaystreatedtheBritonsasasubjectpeopleofslaveclass.Neverduringthe4centuriesdidtheRomansandBritonsintermarry.TheRomanshadnoimpactonthelanguageorcultureofordinaryBritons.

6.识记要点：

Picts--atribeofScotland，socalledbecauseoftheir“paintedfaces”.[pict=picture->paintedface]

7.选择题/简答题：

TheRomansalsobroughtthenewreligion,Christianity,toBritain.

8.Boadicea（orBoudicca）:

QueenoftheIceniofEastAnglia,attemptedtodrivetheRomansfromBritaininAD61.S