《乌鸦》赏析.docx
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《乌鸦》赏析
Poe’spoetictheoriesareremarkableintheirclarity((诗歌理论简洁明朗)abouteveniftheylackwhatJosephWoodKrutchterms“intellectualdetachment”and“catholicityoftaste.”(尽管缺乏Krutch所说的“知识分子的超脱”和“大众品味)Thesearebestelucidated(最好的证明)inhis“thePhilosophyofComposition”(创作原理)and“ThePoeticPrinciple.”(诗歌原则)Thepoem,hesays,shouldbeshort,readableatonesitting(一口气能读完)(oraslongas“TheRaven”【或与诗歌”乌鸦“的长度相当】).Itschiefaimisbeauty,namely,toproduceafeelingofbeautyinthereader.Beautyaimsat“anelevatingexcitementofthesoul,”(震撼灵魂)and“beautyofwhateverkind,initssupremedevelopment,invariablyexcitesthesensitivesoultotears.(无论何种形式的美,只要达到最高境界,就能令敏感的灵魂落下泪来)Thusmelancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoetictones.”(所以悲伤是诗歌最好的基调)Andheconcludesthat“thedeathofabeautifulwomanis,unquestionably,themostpoeticaltopicintheworld.”
Poestressesrhythm,definestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty,”(真正的诗歌是富有美好旋律的作品)anddeclaresthat“musicistheperfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.”(音乐是诗歌灵魂和思想的最高境界)Poewasunabashedtoofferhisownpoem“TheRaven”asanillustrationofhispoint.
“TheRaven”isabout108lines,perfectlyreadableatonesitting.Asenseofmelancholyoverthedeathofabelovedbeautifulyoungwomanpervadesthewholepoem:
theportrayalofayoungmangrievingforhislostLenore,(早逝的美丽女友Lenore)hisgriefbeingturnedtomadnessunderthesteadyone-wordrepetitionofthetalkingbirdintroducedrightatthebeginningofthepoem:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry.
Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore.
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
"'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door--
Only this, and nothing more."
Afterheseesthebird,itsresponse--oritsimaginedone一“nevermore"–keepsbreakingupontheyoungman’spsychicwoundruthlesslyandceaselesslyasdothewavesontheseashoreuntilhisdepressionreachesitsbreakingpoint:
And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting
On the pallid bust of Pallas just above my chamber door;
And his eyes have all the seeming of a demon that is dreaming,
And the lamp-light o' er him streaming throve his shadow on the floor;
And my soul from out chat shadow that lies floating on the floor
Shall be lifted-nevermore!
Theyoungman,aneuroticonthebrinkofamentalcollapse,(精神几近崩溃)outpourshissorrowinhissemi-sleep(半梦半醒之间)ontheappearanceofthebird.Poeticimaginationexternalizesitself(诗歌的想象力表现在…)inthephantomofabird(幻象中的小鸟)andintermingleswithittoenhancetheeffectoftbetragedyofthebereavement.(失去挚爱的悲剧)ItisgoodtonotethatPoe’spoemsareheavilytintedinadreamy,hallucinatorycolor.(Poe的诗歌中具有一种浓烈的梦境和幻觉的色彩)“TheRaven”isagoodexampleasthenarratorisinastateofsemi-stupor.(神志几近不清的状态)
Inaddition,Poeinsistsonanevenmetricalflowinversification.(主张运用规则的韵律创作)“TheRaven”isamarvelofregularity:
W.L.Wernerrecordsthat,ofits719completefeet,(全诗有719个音步),705areperfecttrochees,(其中705个是完全的抑扬格)tendoubtfultrochees,(十个勉强可算是抑扬格)andonlyfourclearlydactyls.(只有四个是强弱格)Poerarelyallowshimselftwenty-fivepercentofirregularfeetasisfoundin“Israfel”.(Poe几乎不会让诗中出现四分之一以上的不规则音步,就像在诗歌Israfel里一样)Forthesakeofregularityinrhythm,Poedisapprovesoftheuseofarchaisms,contractions,inversions,andsimilardevices.(Poe反对使用古体、缩写、倒置等技法)“TheRaven”isthusaperfectillustrationofhistheoryonpoetry.
*The Raven
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weakry,
Over many a quint and curious volume of forgotten lore,
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of some one rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door——
Only this, and nothing more."
有一天阴沉的半夜时分,当我疲乏烦闷,
面对一堆古籍奇书,想把失传的奥秘揭开,
当我打着盹几乎睡着,忽听得一声剥啄,
仿佛有人轻轻敲着,轻敲在我的房门外。
“谁敲门呢?
”我喃喃道,“一定有客人来,——
别无其他,不必费疑猜。
”
Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December,
And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow; —vainly I had tried to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow —sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore
Nameless here for evermore.
啊,记得清清楚楚,那是十二月寒冷刺骨,
行将熄灭的余烬投射的鬼影在地上摇摆。
我焦急地盼望天亮,我徒劳地搜寻书章,
想从书中借良方,止住失去丽诺尔的悲哀——
天使命名丽诺尔的少女呀多么明媚可爱,——
人间此名已永不存在。
And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each purple curtain
Thrilled me—filled me with fantastic terrors never felt before;
So that now, to still the beating of my heart, I stood repeating,
" ' Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door—
Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door;—
This it is and nothing more.”
每幅紫红的丝绸帘幕,发出悲哀的簌簌,
使从未体验的荒诞的恐怖向我袭来;
此刻为了止住心悸,我站着再次说道:
“这是有人来找,敲着我的房门要求进来,
“这是半夜的客人,敲着我的房门要求进来,——
别无其他,不必费疑猜。
’
Presently my soul grew stronger; hesitating then no longer,
"Sir," said I, "or Madam, truly your forgiveness I implore;
But the fact is I was napping, and so gently you came rapping,
And so faintly you came tapping, tapping at my chamber door,
That I scarce was sure I heard you"--here I opened wide the door;
Darkness there, and nothing more.
刹那间我鼓足了勇气,于是我不再迟疑,
“我诚恳地请你原谅,”我说,“先生或太太,
事实我是瞌睡朦胧,而你又敲得太轻,
那么模糊不清地敲着敲着,在我房门外,
我不知是否真的听见,”这时我把房门大开,——
一无所有,一片阴霾。
Deep into thatdarkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing
Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream before;
But the silence was unbroken, and the darkness gave no token,
And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore!
"
This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, " Lenore!
"
Merely this, and nothing more.
我向这片黑暗张望,我愣在那儿,惊疑慌张,
凡人从不敢做的怪梦纷纷向我袭来,
但周围一片寂静,黑暗中毫无迹象可寻,
唯有低语“丽诺尔”的声音在黑夜里徘徊,
这是我低呼“丽诺尔!
”而回声又传了回来,
别无其他,除此以外。
Then into the chamber turningall my soul within me burning,
Soon I heard again a tapping somewhat louder than before.
"Surely," said I, "surely that is something at my window lattice;
Let me see, then, what thereat is, and this mystery explore—
Let my heart be still a moment and this mystery explore;—
'Tis the wind, and nothing more!
于是我转身进房,整个灵魂像着了火一样,
马上又听到一声剥啄,响声超过了刚才。
“我敢断定,”我说,“有东西在敲我的窗格,
让我看看那儿有什么,好把这神秘解开,——
让我的心稍微静一静,就把这神秘解开,——
准是风声,岂有他哉!
”
Open here I flung the shutter, when, with many a flirt and flutter,
In there stepped a stately raven of the saintly days of yore;
Not the least obeisance made he; not an instant stopped or stayed he;
But, with mien of lord or lady, perched above my chamber door—
Perched upon a bust of Pallas just above my chamber door—
Perched, and sat, and nothing more.
这时我大敞了百叶窗,于是,抖动着翅膀,
跨进一只严肃的乌鸦——他属于神圣的古代;
他毫无谦恭的礼仪,也毫不停步或迟疑,
却摆出贵族的神气,跑到我房门顶上呆,
在我门顶的智慧女神雅典娜的像上呆,
呆在那里,再不下来。
Then this ebony bird beguiling my sad fancy into smiling,
By the grave and stern decorum of the countenance it wore.
"Though thy crest be shorn and shaven, thou," I said, "art sure no craven,
Ghastly grim and ancient raven wandering from the Nightly shore—
Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night ' s Plutonian shore!
"
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "
这头乌檀木的大鸟,一副庄严的外表,
他的严肃高雅驱散我的忧思,逗我开怀;
“哪怕拔光你的毛发,”我说,“你胆量可真大,
你这阴森森的古代乌鸦,来自夜的彼岸,
请教你的尊姓大名,在夜的冥府之岸!
”
乌鸦说道:
“永不再。
”
Much I marveled this ungainly fowl to hear discourse so plainly,
Though its answer little meaning-little relevancy hore;
For we cannot help agreeing that no sublunary being
Ever yet was blessed with seeing bird above his chamber door-
Bird or beast upon the sculptured bust above I us chamber door,
With such mime as "Nevermore.
这只难看的大鸟听得懂话,使我大为惊讶,
(尽管他的回答不得要领,意思不甚明白,)
因为我们不能不承认,普天下的世人
谁也未曾有幸见到大禽在他的房门上呆,——
有幸见到鸟或兽在他门顶的雕像上呆,
而且名叫“永不再。
”
But the raven, sitting lonely on the placid bust, spoke only
That one word, as if his soul in that ill~ word he did outpour.
Nothing farther then he uttered-not a feather then he fluttered-
Till I scarcely more than muttered, "Other friends have flown before-
On the morrow he will leave me, as my hopes have flown before. "
Quoth the raven, "Nevermore. "
但栖在雕像上的乌鸦,只说了这一句话,
仿佛是他整个灵魂在这句话里吐了出来。
接下去他什么也不说,没有一根羽毛抖动,——
直等到我喃喃地说:
“其他朋友都已离开,
像我飞走的希望一样,到早晨他也会离开。
”
乌鸦说道:
“永不再。
”
Wondering at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken,
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store,"
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster
Followed fast and followed fastel-so, when Hope he would adjure,
Stern Despair returned, instead of the sweet Hope he dared adjure-
That sad answer, "Nevermore!
"
这一应答如此聪明,不禁使我大吃一惊,
‘无疑地,”我说,‘‘这句话就是他的全部口才,
得自某位倒楣的主人——灾祸对他毫不怜悯,
步步紧跟越跟越紧,直到他的歌身负重载,
直到他所有希望的挽歌都身负同一个重载,
这重载就叫“永不再。
”
But the raven still beguiling all my sad soul into smiling,
Straight I wheeled a cushioned seat in front of bird, and bust, and door;
Then upon the velvet sinking, I betook myself to linking
Fancy unto fancy, thinking what this ominous bird of yore-
What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt, and ominous bird of yore
Meant in croaking "Nevermore. "
但乌鸦还在逗我开心,消遣我的苦闷,
我干脆把软垫座椅推到大鸟跟前来;
往天鹅绒上一坐,吧种种幻想连成线索。
把这阴森古怪,恐怖难看的不详古鸟猜,
为什么他说“永不再。
”
This I sat engaged in guessing, but no syllable expressing
To the fowl whose fiery eyes now burned into my bosom's core;
This and more I sat divining, with my head at ease reclining
On the cushion's