Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx
《Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx(21页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
![Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx](https://file1.bdocx.com/fileroot1/2023-1/12/54e64ad5-4c1f-424b-8236-697eaf25b0c6/54e64ad5-4c1f-424b-8236-697eaf25b0c61.gif)
WaysofDevelopingParagraphs
Ⅱ.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs
1.DevelopmentbyTime
Intellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.
*Theexpressionsoftenusedindescribingchronologicalrelations:
now;nowadayswhen;before;after;while;during
between______and______in_____(year)since_____
later;earlier;formerly;etc.attheturnofthecentury(decade)etc.
inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.inthe1900's,etc.
atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath
simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatter
previous;previously;priorto
first;second;etc.
inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplace
inconclusion;finally;lastly;intheend
2.DevelopmentbyProcess
Whenyouhavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by-stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.Ingivinginstructions,imperativesentencesandsentenceswiththeindefinitepronounyouasthesubjectareoftenused.Thepresenttenseshouldbeusediftheinstructionsarestillapplicable.
*Theexpressionsoftenusedinwritingprocessdescriptions:
occurbeforeatthispoint
becomeuntilatthesametime
happenwhilebymeansof
growasthroughtheuseof
takeplaceonce
becarriedoutthen
changeintoassoonas
3.DevelopmentbySpace
Beforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly.Itwouldonlyconfusethereadertomentiontheminahaphazard(随意的)way.
*Theexpressionsfordescribingspatialrelationships:
where
inwhich;towhich;fromwhich;etc.
under;over;inside;beside;ontopof;etc.
along;through;asfaras;etc.
north;northern;south;southern;etc.
totheleft;totheright;tothenorth;etc.
infront;attheback;inthemiddle;etc.
adjacent(邻近的)parallelrectangle(长方形)
correspondingtoparalleltosemicircle(半圆)
distance(垂直于)perpendiculartoslope
midpointplane(平面)space
interioroppositesurface
diagonal(对角线)overlapping(重叠)vertical(垂直的)
edge(边缘)pyramidhorizontal(水平的)
limit(界限)exteriorintersection(十字路口、交叉点)
4.DevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralization
Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Anillustrationisacase(案例),aspecimen(样本),aninstance(实例).Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable(难忘的),orconvincing.
Illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleoraseriesofexamples.
*Theexpressionsformakinggeneralizationsandgivingspecificdetails:
forexampleforinstanceforonething
toillustrateinoneinstanceinotherwords
asfollowsletmeillustrateletmeciteasproof
insubstantiationtosubstantiateasanillustration
inoneinstanceinthisinstanceasanexample
inpracticeaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidencetake______forexampleconsider______forexample
generallygenerallyspeakingonthewhole
alleveryneveralways
Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern.
Anotherpossiblearrangementofdetails(orexamples)inaparagraphisfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thedetailsarementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesattheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthemainideaoftheparagraph.
Detailsorexamplesareusuallyarrangedinclimactic(高潮渐进的)order:
theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance.
Suchaclimacticsequenceisfollowedinparagraphsdevelopednotonlybydetailsorexamplesbutalsobycomparisonandcontrast,bycauseandeffect,etc.
5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast
Bycomparingandcontrastingwemaygetaclearerpictureofthings.
Strictlyspeaking,acomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass,whileacontrast,thedifferencesbetweenthem.
*Thefollowingexpressionsoftenusedinmakingcomparisonandcontrast:
ToCompare:
similartoatthesamerateassimilarlyas
like,alikejustaslikewiseinlikemanner
resemblecommoncharacteristics,etc.
resemblancetobeparallelin______
correspondtointhesamewaycorrespondingly
almostthesameasbothtohave______incommon
ToContrast:
differfromincontrasttohoweverunlikeonthecontraryinoppositiontootherwisestill
ontheotherhandontheoppositesideneverthelessevenso
lessthandifferentfrommorethanalthough
fasterthan,etc.whilebut
alarger(smaller)percentagethan
6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect
Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect.
Thefirstmethodistostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.Thesecondmethodistostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.
*Thefollowingexpressionsfordiscussingcauseandeffect:
soconsequentlyaccordinglybecauseof
thusthereforeforthisreasonasaresult
sinceowingtohencebecause
dueto
asasaresultoftheresultofresultin
sothatso______thattheeffectofthanksto
outofhaveaneffectonowe______totheconsequenceof
thecauseofthereasonforItfollowsthat
nowthatseeingthatforfearthat
such______thatsoas_______tomake______possible
makeitpossible/impossiblefor______to______
7.DevelopmentbyClassification
Toclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Wegroupthingsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.
*Thefollowingexpressionsforclassification:
mainkindsofunimportantinsignificantbasickinds
majorkindsofsimilardissimilarfundamental
significantcontradictoryimportantopposing
minorcontrastingoppositeprimary,secondary
classifyclearlydistinguishableeasilydistinguished
divideincontestabledifferencesincontestablesimilarities
kindstypesattributesmethods
factorssourcescategoriescharacteristics
partsregionsdivisionsorigins
erasbasestimesclasses
qualitiesaspectsclassifications
mutuallyexclusive(互相排斥的)
accordingto______withrespectto______(关于,至于)
______fallsinto______categories
______canbedividedinto______classes
8.DevelopmentbyDefinition
Sometimes,toavoidconfusionormisunderstanding,wehavetodefineaword,term,orconceptwhichisunfamiliartomostreadersoropentovariousinterpretations.
Therearethreebasicwaystodefineawordorterm:
togiveasynonym,touseasentence(oftenwithanattributiveclause),andtowriteaparagraphorevenanessay.
Whenwegiveadefinition,weshouldobservecertainprinciples.
First,weshouldavoidcirculardefinitions.
Second,weshouldavoidlonglistsofsynonymsifthetermtobedefinedisanabstractone.
Third,weshouldavoidloadeddefinitions.
Thefollowingexpressionsfordefinition:
todefinetoexplainindefinitioninexplanation
inotherwordstoclarifytoparaphraseinclarification
by___ismeant
formaspectspeciescharacteristic
classmethoddeviceproperty
typeconditionkindattribute
category
9.DevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethods
Wehavediscussedquiteafewmethodsfordevelopingparagraphs.Sometimesonlyoneofthemisusedinaparagraph,butoftentwoorthreeofthemareusedinthesameparagraph.Writersmayfinditnecessarytouseacombinationofmethodsinordertopresenttheirideasinanimpressiveandconvincingmanner.
Exercises
Ⅳ.ChronologicalOrder
1.Studythefollowingexpressionsoftenusedindescribingchronologicalrelations:
now;nowadays
when;before;after;while;during
between______and______
in_____(year)
since_____
later;earlier;formerly;etc.
attheturnofthecentury(decade)etc.
inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.
inthe1900's,etc.
atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath
simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatter
previous;previously;priorto
first;second;etc.
inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplace
inconclusion;finally;lastly;intheend
2.Combinethepairsofsentencesusingoneofthefollowingwords.Insomecasestheverbformhastobechanged.
after;while;before;when
(1)Don'ttalk.Sheissinging.
(2)Thisformofcrimeceased.Thelawwaspassed.
(3)Themanfellasleepintheauditorium.Thelecturerspokeaboutavoidingboringtopics.
(4)Tomwasleavingtheroom.Hebroughtsomewatertohissister.
(5)Thetraindeparted.Wereachedthestation.
(6)Shefelldown.Shewasgettingoffthebus.
3.Putthefollowingwordsintheblanks.
when;while;as;before;after
Frankwasdefinitelynotexpectinganyvisi