Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx

Ways of Developing Paragraphs.docx

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WaysofDevelopingParagraphs

Ⅱ.WaysofDevelopingParagraphs

1.DevelopmentbyTime

Intellingastoryorrecountinganevent,theeasiestandclearestwayistodescribethingsinorderoftime.Thismethodisalsocalledchronologicalsequencing.

*Theexpressionsoftenusedindescribingchronologicalrelations:

now;nowadayswhen;before;after;while;during

between______and______in_____（year）since_____

later;earlier;formerly;etc.attheturnofthecentury（decade）etc.

inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.inthe1900's,etc.

atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath

simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatter

previous;previously;priorto

first;second;etc.

inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplace

inconclusion;finally;lastly;intheend

2.DevelopmentbyProcess

Whenyouhavetoexplainhowsomethingisdone,youusuallyfollowachronologicalsequenceandgiveastep-by-stepdescription.Asthestepsmustoccuroneafteranother,theexactorderinwhichtheyarecarriedoutismostimportant.Ingivinginstructions,imperativesentencesandsentenceswiththeindefinitepronounyouasthesubjectareoftenused.Thepresenttenseshouldbeusediftheinstructionsarestillapplicable.

*Theexpressionsoftenusedinwritingprocessdescriptions:

occurbeforeatthispoint

becomeuntilatthesametime

happenwhilebymeansof

growasthroughtheuseof

takeplaceonce

becarriedoutthen

changeintoassoonas

3.DevelopmentbySpace

Beforewebegintodescribeaplace,whetheritisalargecountryorasmallroom,wehavetodecideontheorderinwhichtonamethedifferentpartsordetails.Forthisweshouldfindoutthespacerelationshipsbetweenthemandarrangeourdescriptionaccordingly.Itwouldonlyconfusethereadertomentiontheminahaphazard（随意的）way.

*Theexpressionsfordescribingspatialrelationships:

where

inwhich;towhich;fromwhich;etc.

under;over;inside;beside;ontopof;etc.

along;through;asfaras;etc.

north;northern;south;southern;etc.

totheleft;totheright;tothenorth;etc.

infront;attheback;inthemiddle;etc.

adjacent（邻近的）parallelrectangle（长方形）

correspondingtoparalleltosemicircle（半圆）

distance（垂直于）perpendiculartoslope

midpointplane（平面）space

interioroppositesurface

diagonal（对角线）overlapping（重叠）vertical（垂直的）

edge（边缘）pyramidhorizontal（水平的）

limit（界限）exteriorintersection（十字路口、交叉点）

4.DevelopmentbyExampleorGeneralization

Supportingatopicsentencewithexamplesorillustrationsmakesageneralstatementspecificandeasytounderstand.Anillustrationisacase（案例）,aspecimen（样本）,aninstance（实例）.Vividillustrationslightupabstractideasandmakethemclear,interesting,memorable（难忘的）,orconvincing.

Illustrationsmaybeasingleexampleoraseriesofexamples.

*Theexpressionsformakinggeneralizationsandgivingspecificdetails:

forexampleforinstanceforonething

toillustrateinoneinstanceinotherwords

asfollowsletmeillustrateletmeciteasproof

insubstantiationtosubstantiateasanillustration

inoneinstanceinthisinstanceasanexample

inpracticeaccordingtostatisticsaccordingtostatisticalevidencetake______forexampleconsider______forexample

generallygenerallyspeakingonthewhole

alleveryneveralways

Thefollowingparagraph,whichismainlydescriptive,containsmanydetails.Itstartswithatopicsentence.Thendetailsaregiventobackuptheopeningstatement.Thisisthegeneral-to-specificpattern. 

Anotherpossiblearrangementofdetails（orexamples）inaparagraphisfromthespecifictothegeneral.Thedetailsarementionedfirst,andthegeneralstatement,whichmaybethetopicsentence,comesattheendoftheparagraph,summarizingthemainideaoftheparagraph.

Detailsorexamplesareusuallyarrangedinclimactic（高潮渐进的）order:

theleastimportantcomesfirst,followedbyothersinorderofincreasingimportance.

Suchaclimacticsequenceisfollowedinparagraphsdevelopednotonlybydetailsorexamplesbutalsobycomparisonandcontrast,bycauseandeffect,etc.

5.DevelopmentbyComparisonandContrast

Bycomparingandcontrastingwemaygetaclearerpictureofthings.

Strictlyspeaking,acomparisonpointsoutthesimilaritiesbetweentwoormorepersonsorthingsofthesameclass,whileacontrast,thedifferencesbetweenthem.

*Thefollowingexpressionsoftenusedinmakingcomparisonandcontrast:

ToCompare:

similartoatthesamerateassimilarlyas

like,alikejustaslikewiseinlikemanner

resemblecommoncharacteristics,etc.

resemblancetobeparallelin______

correspondtointhesamewaycorrespondingly

almostthesameasbothtohave______incommon

ToContrast:

differfromincontrasttohoweverunlikeonthecontraryinoppositiontootherwisestill

ontheotherhandontheoppositesideneverthelessevenso

lessthandifferentfrommorethanalthough

fasterthan,etc.whilebut

alarger（smaller）percentagethan

6.DevelopmentbyCauseandEffect

Therearetwobasicwaysoforganizingparagraphsdevelopedbycauseandeffect.

Thefirstmethodistostateaneffectanddevotetherestoftheparagraphtoexaminingthecauses.Thesecondmethodistostateacauseandthenmentionorpredicttheeffects.

*Thefollowingexpressionsfordiscussingcauseandeffect:

soconsequentlyaccordinglybecauseof

thusthereforeforthisreasonasaresult

sinceowingtohencebecause

dueto

asasaresultoftheresultofresultin

sothatso______thattheeffectofthanksto

outofhaveaneffectonowe______totheconsequenceof

thecauseofthereasonforItfollowsthat

nowthatseeingthatforfearthat

such______thatsoas_______tomake______possible

makeitpossible/impossiblefor______to______

7.DevelopmentbyClassification

Toclassifyistosortthingsintocategoriesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.Wegroupthingsaccordingtotheirsimilaritiesanddifferences.

*Thefollowingexpressionsforclassification:

mainkindsofunimportantinsignificantbasickinds

majorkindsofsimilardissimilarfundamental

significantcontradictoryimportantopposing

minorcontrastingoppositeprimary,secondary

classifyclearlydistinguishableeasilydistinguished

divideincontestabledifferencesincontestablesimilarities

kindstypesattributesmethods

factorssourcescategoriescharacteristics

partsregionsdivisionsorigins

erasbasestimesclasses

qualitiesaspectsclassifications

mutuallyexclusive（互相排斥的）

accordingto______withrespectto______（关于，至于）

______fallsinto______categories

______canbedividedinto______classes

8.DevelopmentbyDefinition

Sometimes,toavoidconfusionormisunderstanding,wehavetodefineaword,term,orconceptwhichisunfamiliartomostreadersoropentovariousinterpretations.

Therearethreebasicwaystodefineawordorterm:

togiveasynonym,touseasentence（oftenwithanattributiveclause）,andtowriteaparagraphorevenanessay.

Whenwegiveadefinition,weshouldobservecertainprinciples.

First,weshouldavoidcirculardefinitions.

Second,weshouldavoidlonglistsofsynonymsifthetermtobedefinedisanabstractone.

Third,weshouldavoidloadeddefinitions.

Thefollowingexpressionsfordefinition:

todefinetoexplainindefinitioninexplanation

inotherwordstoclarifytoparaphraseinclarification

by___ismeant

formaspectspeciescharacteristic

classmethoddeviceproperty

typeconditionkindattribute

category

9.DevelopmentbyaCombinationofMethods

Wehavediscussedquiteafewmethodsfordevelopingparagraphs.Sometimesonlyoneofthemisusedinaparagraph,butoftentwoorthreeofthemareusedinthesameparagraph.Writersmayfinditnecessarytouseacombinationofmethodsinordertopresenttheirideasinanimpressiveandconvincingmanner.

Exercises

Ⅳ.ChronologicalOrder

1.Studythefollowingexpressionsoftenusedindescribingchronologicalrelations:

now;nowadays

when;before;after;while;during

between______and______

in_____（year）

since_____

later;earlier;formerly;etc.

attheturnofthecentury（decade）etc.

inthefirsthalfofthecentury,etc.

inthe1900's,etc.

atbirth;inchildhood;ininfancy;inadolescence;asanadult;inadulthood;inoldage;atdeath

simultaneously;simultaneouswith;atthesametimeas;theformer;thelatter

previous;previously;priorto

first;second;etc.

inthefirstplace;inthesecondplace,etc.;tobeginwithnext;then;subsequently;inthenextplace

inconclusion;finally;lastly;intheend

2.Combinethepairsofsentencesusingoneofthefollowingwords.Insomecasestheverbformhastobechanged.

after;while;before;when

（1）Don'ttalk.Sheissinging.

（2）Thisformofcrimeceased.Thelawwaspassed.

（3）Themanfellasleepintheauditorium.Thelecturerspokeaboutavoidingboringtopics.

（4）Tomwasleavingtheroom.Hebroughtsomewatertohissister.

（5）Thetraindeparted.Wereachedthestation.

（6）Shefelldown.Shewasgettingoffthebus.

3.Putthefollowingwordsintheblanks.

when;while;as;before;after

Frankwasdefinitelynotexpectinganyvisi