文化课 内容.docx

文化课 内容.docx

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文化课内容

ChineseCulture

ChinesePhilosophyandReligion

WhatisCulture?

●Someconceiveofcultureasseparatinghumansfromnon-humans.

●Somedefineitascommunicableknowledge.

●Someasthesumofhistoricalachievementsproducedbyman’ssociallife.

●Inaword:

cultureislearned,shared,andtransmittedfromthegenerationtothenext.

⏹Essence:

cultureisthemanifestationofhumansocialactivitiesandthustheproductofhumanbehavior.

ØHistorically-aprocessofsocialprogressthatrepresentsthedevelopmentofhumancivilization

ØSocially-reflectsthesocialprogressandcoexistswithhumanbeingsinthesociety

ØSpiritually-theproductofspiritualactivities,whichistheresultofcertainhumancommunities

ØCultureisalsoalifestyle,asymbolandthetruereflectionofhumanlife,activitiesandbehaviorsofthetime

ØCultureisanationalphenomenon,reflectingtheuniqueculturalformsofthenation

ChineseReligionandPhilosophy

ThesethreemainreligionshaveinteractedwithoneanotherthroughoutthetwothousandsyearsofChinesehistory.

ChineseReligiousTradition

●I.Confucianism:

thecornerstoneoftraditionalChineseculture.

●II.Taoism:

theonlyindigenousChinesereligion.

●III.Buddhism:

ChineseBuddhismandTibetanBuddhism.

1.ReligionandPhilosophy

●Chinahasanapproximately4100-yearrecordedhistory.（Fromtheendlessprimevalperiod,around2,100B.C.）

●Confucianism,TaoismandBuddhismarethethreegreatthoughts.MostsocialvaluesarederivedfromConfucianism,TaoismandBuddhism.

●1.Whatcangovernhumanbeing’smannersandbehavor?

●Morals,law,virtues

●（Nothingcanbeaccomplishedwithoutnormsorstandards.无规矩不成方圆）

●2.whatkindofpeoplewillberememberedfromgenerationstogenerations?

Emperor?

ruler?

●topten.ppt

●3.backgroundoftheSpringandAutumnPeroid.

●（Themoraldegenerationofsocietyisgettingworse.礼崩乐坏）

礼崩乐坏.ppt

●1.WhowasConfucius?

●2.WhatisConfucianism?

●3.themainprinciplesofConfucianism.

●4.thecontributitionsofConfucius.

AGreateducator&ThinkerConfucius&Confucianism

Confucius（Chinese:

孔子;pinyin:

Kǒngzǐ）

1.Thinker

2.Educator

3.Statesman

4.Philosopher

5.FounderoftheConfucianschoolandConfucianism

6.SymboloftraditionalChineseculture

Education

●HeestablishedfirstprivateschoolinChinaandacceptedthestudentsfromeverywhere.

●Subjects:

Manners,Music,Literature,Riding,ArcheryandMathematics（礼，乐，射，御，书，数）

●Hehave3000students.Amongthem,72becamefamousscholars.

ConfuciusQuotes

●Tostudybutnotthink,youwillbeconfused.Justtothinkbutnotstudy,youwillbelazy.（学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆）

●You[adisciple],haveyoumakesenseofmyteaching?

Rememberwhatyouhaveleant,askyourconfusion,youwillbesensible.（由、誨女知之乎、知之為知之、不知為不知、是知也。

）

●Reviewingwhatyouhavelearnedandlearningnewones,youcanbemyteacher.（溫故而知新，可以為師矣。

）

Philosophy

ConfuciusIsaGreatThinker.

●-“Whatonedoesnotwishforoneself,oneoughtnottodotoanyoneelse;whatonerecognizesasdesirableforoneself,oneoughttobewillingtogranttoothers."

●（ConfuciusandConfucianism,RichardWilhelm）

GOLDENRULE

Confuciusisasocialist

●Humanity

●Relationshipbetween"twopersons”

●extensionoffilialpietytoallhumanbeings

●eachroleinthehierarchyofsocialrelationshadclearlydefinedduties

●reciprocityormutualresponsibility

●（benevolence&humanity ）

Influencein17thCenturyEurope

三孔

●1.ConfuciusTemple（孔庙）

●2.ConfuciusMansion（孔府）

3.ConfuciusForest（孔林）

幻灯片13

Confucius

●FullnameConfucius孔子

●Born:

28September551BCQufu,Lu

●Died:

479BC（aged71or72）Qufu,Lu

AportraitofConfuciusbytheTangDynastyartistWuDaozi（680–740）.

WhowasConfucius?

●Confucius（551BC-479BC）wasChina’smostfamousphilosopherwhoseteachingsandphilosophyhavedeeplyinfluencedChinese,Korean,JapaneseandVietnamesethoughtandlife.

●Confuciuswasagovernmentofficial,andduringhislifetimehesawgrowingdisorderandchaosinthesystemandsethimselftodevelopanewmoralcodebasedonrespect,honesty,education,kindnessandstrongfamilybonds.

●OneofthemostfamouspeopleinancientChinawasawisephilosophernamedConfucius（circa551-479BC）.HesometimeswentbythenamesKongZithoughhewasborn-KongQiu-styledZhongNi.HewasborninthevillageofZouinthecountryofLu.

●Thischinesemanwasawell-knownleaderinphilosophyandhealsomademanywisephrasesandtheoriesaboutthelaw,life,andthegovernment.

●Philosophyisakindofasystemofideasandthoughtsthattalkaboutthehuman'sbehavior,therulesthatyoushouldfollowtomakeasuccessfullife,andaboutthegovernment.

Confucius

●OneofthegreatestphilosopherinChina.

●Hestressedtheimportanceofkindness,dutyandorderinsociety.

●Chinesesocietywasinfluencedbytheseideasformorethan2,000years.

孟子

Mencius’thought

一、民本思想Apeople-orientedthoughts

Thepeoplearethemosthighlyvalued,nextcomethegodsofthelandandgrain,thesovereignislight.

民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻。

二、仁政学说thebenevolentdoctrine.

Confucius‘theoryofmoralideas.

Menciuspoliticaltheory:

thecontentsofthebenevolent.

Itsessenceisservicetothefeudalrulingclass.

三、性善论theinnategoodnessoftheindividual

⏹在中国人性论史上，第一个提出性善论的是孟子。

在他的思想体系中是一个中心环节：

“恻隐之心，人皆有之；羞恶之心，人皆有之；恭敬之心，人皆有之；是非之心，人皆有之。

恻隐之心，仁也；羞恶之心，义也；恭敬之心，礼也；是非之心，智也。

1.Thus,whenHeavenisabouttoconferagreatofficeonanyman,itfirstexerciseshismindwithsuffering,andhissinewsandboneswithtoil.Itexposeshisbodytohunger,andsubjectshimtoextremepoverty.Itconfoundshisundertakings.Byallthesemethodsitstimulateshisminds,hardenshisnature,andsupplieshisincompentencies.

天将降大任于斯人也，必先苦其心志，劳其筋骨，饿其体肤，空乏其身，行拂乱其所为，所以动心忍性，增益其所不能。

——孟子（《孟子·告子下》）

2.Youcan’thaveyourcakeandeatittoo.

鱼我所欲也，熊掌亦我所欲也，二者不可兼得，舍鱼而求熊掌者也。

或译为：

Youcan'tsellthecowanddrinkthemilk.

3.Lifespringsfromsorrowandcalamity,anddeathfromeaseandpleasure.

生于忧患，死于安乐

4.Nothingcanbeaccomplishedwithoutnormsorstandards

无规矩不成方圆。

5.Thebenevolenthavenoenemy.

仁者无敌。

6.Everypersoncanbesage.

人皆可为尧舜。

7.Expendtherespectoftheagedinone'sfamilytothatofotherfamilies;expendtheloveoftheyoungonesinone'sfamilytothatofotherfamilies.

老吾老以及人之老，幼吾幼以及人之幼。

8.Opportunitiesvouchsafedbyheavenarelessimportantthanterrestrialadvantages,whichinturnarelessimportantthantheunityamongpeople.

天时不如地利，地利不如人和

WhatisConfucianism?

Ren仁（benevolence,love）&Li礼（rites）---respectforthesystemofsocialhierarchy.

●ThebasicclouofConfucianismstressestheimportanceoftheindividualmoraldevelopment,sothatthestatecanbegovernedbymoralvirtueratherthanbythelaws.

●Goldenmean（philosophy）:

thefelicitousmiddlebetweentheextremesofexcessanddeficiency“Ridthetwoends,takethemiddleone.”

●RelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone'sspecialsituationinrelationtoothers.

TeachingsofConfucianism

Ren仁（benevolence,love）&Li礼（rites）---respectforthesystemofsocialhierarchy.

●ThebasicclouofConfucianismstressestheimportanceoftheindividualmoraldevelopment,sothatthestatecanbegovernedbymoralvirtueratherthanbythelaws.

●Goldenmean（philosophy）:

thefelicitousmiddlebetweentheextremesofexcessanddeficiency“Ridthetwoends,takethemiddleone.”

●RelationshipsarecentraltoConfucianism.Particulardutiesarisefromone'sspecialsituationinrelationtoothers.

●Confucianism:

●aschoolofthoughtrepresentedbyConfuciusandMencius.

●asetofmoralandsocialvaluesdesignedtobringwaysofmanandgovernmentinharmonywitheachotherandwiththeuniverse.

ConfucianismwasoriginallythephilosophyofConfuciuswhostressedthemaintenanceofastablesystemofinter-personalrelationshipsatdifferentlevelsofsociety.

●His"GoldenRule"is:

"Whatyoudonotwantdonetoyourself,donotdountoothers".

TheorderofdevelopmentwhichConfuciussetforthisasfollows:

 Self-development,

Family-discipline,

Localself-government,

andUniversalself-government.

修身齐家治国平天下

ThemainaspectsofConfucianism:

●三纲、五伦、五常

ThreeCardinalGuides三纲

●rulerguidessubject               君为臣纲

●fatherguidesson                父为子纲

●husbandguideswife              夫为妻纲

FiveRelationships五伦

●Ruler-minister:

benevolence-loyalty        忠

●Father-son:

kindness-filialpiety        孝

●Husband-wife:

righteousness-obedience       忍

●Elder-youngerbrother:

gentility-humility     悌

●Friend-friend:

consideration-deference       善

ThebasicConfuciandoctrinesareembodiedinthefollowingFiveVirtues（五常或五德）：

仁：

Benevolence,tobehumanity,mercyandkindness;

义：

Justness,toberighteousness;

礼：

Rituals,customandlaw,tobepolite;

智：

Wisdom,tobeknowledgeableandwelleducated;

信：

Trust,tobesincereandcredible.

TheFiveVirtuesofConfucius（五常或五德）

●ren（仁）:

benevolencetoothers-----theroot

●yi （义）:

righteousnessbyjustice---thetrunk

●li  （礼）:

moralwaysofconduct----thebranches

●zhi（智）:

wisdom—------------------theflower

●xin（信）:

trustworthiness—-----------thefruit

Ren（仁）

●affectionandlove

●1.ThecentraldoctrineofConfucianism.

●2.Themostimportantmoralqualityonecanpossess.

Li（礼）

●Lihastwomeanings:

●1.Propriety（互惠）:

asetofmannersorknowledgeofhowtobehaveinagivensituation.

●2.Ritual:

whenlifeisdetailedtoConfuciuslengthsitbecomescompletelyordered.

yi（righteousness）

●讲义气

●不仁不义

Junzi（君子）

●asuperiorman

●agentleman

●amanofgreatmoralquality

●agoodmodelforthep