英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义.docx
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英语专业八级改错与校对练习学生讲义
改错与校对练习
PROOFREADING&ERRORCORRECTION
PassageOne
Itisverydifficultimagineaneducationalsystemwhichtransmitsvalues1.______
seriouslyinconflictwiththatofthegovernmentandthestate,orwhich2.______
contributesnothingtotrainingyoungpeoplefortheirfutureadultwork-roles.
However,educationalsystemsareoftenonlypartialsuccessful.Thisispartly3.______
becausepeoplehavedifferentviewsofwhatelementsofculture(normsand
values)shouldbestressedon,andwhatskillsareuseful.Suchdisagreementhas4.______
afundamentalbasisinsocialstructureofmodemBritainbecausethereisoften5.______
acontradictionamongthetwofunctionsofsocializationandtraining.Thisis6.______
becausethetwofunctionsarenoteasilyseparateinpractice.Thenormsand7.______
valuestransmittedtoanygroupofchildrenhavetobesomehowrelatingtothe8.______
kindsofskillstheytaught.Thecultureofthearistocracyisnotthesameas9.______
thatofworking-classneighborhoodsintheinnercities.Similarly,trainingfor
differentsortsofworkneedtobedifferent:
tobeproficientinLatinisnot10.______
usefultotheshopassistant,justasexpertiseinwoodworkisirrelevanttoauniversityteacher.
PassageTwo
Aspeopleliveinafast-movingworldwheretensionsbuildup,
dieeffectsoflong-distancemimingareuplifting.
Eachhillisapproachedasapositivechallenge,causingtherunner
togrowstronglywitheachstrideandleadinghimtotranquilityandharmony.1.______
Long-distancerunningthathelpsapersontoforgetpressureonfamily2.______
problemsaswellasjobrelatedannoyances.Anexamplecomesquicklyin3.______
mind.OnedayIhadareallyterriblefightwithmylandladyoversomefoolish
incident.Iscreamedandyelledatherbutsheverynearlythrewmeout.Afew4.______
minuteslater,Isetformydailyrun.Bytheendofthefirstmile,theargument5.______
seemedlikethebaddream.Attheendofthefourthmile,Iwas6.______
fullwithfeelingsofremorseandforgivenesstowardsthelandlady.Isawhow7.______
unreasonableIhavebeen,Istoppedatthelocalflowershopandboughtmy8.______
landladyabeautifulrose.whichIimmediatelygaveherIsteppedinsidethe9.______
house.Runninghasthatkindofeffectonmostrunners.Itmakesusfeel
positiveandserene.Incorporatinglong-distancerunningintoadailyroutine
willsignificantlychangearunner'slife.Idonotknowwhetheritcomesfrom
followingastrictroutinetheimprovedphysicalconditionoftherunner.10._____
ButIdoknowthatpeoplequicklybecomeaddictedtothesport.
PassageThree
Whatisdrug?
Mostofpeopleprobablythinkthere’saperfectsimple1._____
answertothisquestion.Infact,ifonecarriesaquicksurveyonanystreetcorner,
onefinds(hat,accordingtovastmajorityofpeople,therearetwogroups2._____
ofdrugs:
thoseprescribedbydoctors,andthosepeopletakefornon-medical
use.Asmedicineandmedicalprofessionaregenerallyself-respectful,there3.______
aren'tanyobjectionstotheuseofprescribeddrugs.Whatmoatpeopledon’t
realizeis(hatwhenprescribeddrugsareusuallybeneficial,theycanalso4.______
presentaseriousproblem.Thereweremanypeopleaddictedbytranquillizers5.______
beforedoctorsbegantoprescribethem:
nowtherebeingliterallymillionswho6.______
dependon(hem.Anacceptanceoftheuseofdrugsfornon-medicalreasonsis
largelyamatterofaculture.SomeEasternpeoplethinktheuseofalcoholwith7.______
horror,mainlyasaresultofreligiousupbringing.However,thesesimilar8.______
peoplefreelyusemarijuanawithoutasecondthought,andthis,inturn,isn’t
acceptedinWesternculturewhichacceptsalcohol.InmostWesternsocieties,the9.______
tea-orcoffee-break'snowapartofthelife,Andhugequantitiesofthesedrinks10._______
areconsumeddaily.
PassageFour
Inacompetitiveandfast-pacedmodemsociety,busybusiness
executivesaresoengrossingin(heirworkthattheyhardlyknowwhat1.______
theword'leisure"means.Thehigheranexecutive’spositionisonthe
businessladder,themorehourshespendsonhiswork.Withaviewto
gaininggreatercorporatestandingorabigpayrise,he,asarule,far2._____
exceedsoverthe40-hourworkingweek.3._____
Theadditionalstressandtensionaswellastheshortageofsuitable4._____
restandrecreationveryoftenhaveadisastrouseffectonhishealth.Few
suchexecutivesrealizethatunlesstheylearnhowtorelax,theywillsoon
runofsteambeforetheygettothetopoftheexecutiveladder.Anoted5.______
Americanauthorityonleisurehassaidthat“Thekeytorelaxationtobusy6.______
executivesistoavoidthetypesofactivitiesthatarepartandparcelof
theirdailyworkandtodevotethemselvestotallytohaverecreational7.______
pursuitsforatleastapartofeachday,evenitisonlyforhalfanhour.8._____
Thosejobsrequireagreatdealofcontactwithotherscanengageinactivities9.____
thatarequietandpeaceful―farfromthemaddingcrowd,farfromclient10._____
andbusinessassociates.”
PassageFive
AirqualityinBritainhasimprovedconsiderablyinthelast30years.
Totalemissionsofsmokeintheairhaverisenbyover85percentsince1._____
1950.Thedomesticsmokingcontrolprogramhasbeenparticularly2._____
importantinachievingthisresult.Londonandothermajorcitiesno
longerhavethedensesmoke-laden“smogs”ofthe1950sbutincentral3.______
Londonwintersunshinehasincreasedbyabout70percentsince1958.
Since1990,everydayairpollutiondatafromtheBritishMonitoring
networkhasmadeavailabletothepublicbytheDepartmentofthe
Environment’sAirQuantityBulletins.Theseconcentratedthreemain4.______
pollutants-ozone,nitrogendioxideandsulphurdioxide—endgrade
airqualityonascalebetween“veryweak”and“verygood”.The5.______
informationfeaturesintelevisionandradioweatherreportsappears6.______
inmanynationalandLocalnewspapers.Therefore,7.______
thedataarealsoavailableonthespecialfreetelephonenumberandon8.______
videotextSystems.Acomprehensivereviewoftheissueofurbanizedair9.______
qualitywasannouncedinJanuary1992,Threeindependentcommitteesof
expertshavebeenestablishedtoadviseondifferentaspectsoftheproblem,
andwillsetguidelinesandtargetsforairquality.Thenetworkwillalsobeing10.______
extendedandupgradedatacostofmillion.
Passagesix
Theamazingsuccessofhumansasaspeciesistheresult
oftheevolutionarydevelopmentofourbrainswhichhastenedto
tool-using,tool-making,theabilitytosolveproblemsbylogical
reasoning,thoughtfulcooperation,andlanguage.Oneofthemost
strikingwaysinthatchimpanzeesbiologicallyresemblehumans1._____
liesinthestructureoftheirtrains.Thechimpanzee,withthe
capacityforprimitivereasoning,exhibitsatypeofintelligencelike2._____
thatofhumansthandoesany,othermammallivingtoday.Thebrain
ofthemodemchimpanzeeisprobablynottoodissimilartothebrain
thatsomanymillionsofyearsagodirectthebehaviorofthefirstape3._____
man.
Inalongtime,thefactthatprehistoricpeoplemadetoolswas4._____
consideredtobeoneofthemajorcriteriondistinguishingthemfrom5._____
othercreatures.Itistruethatthechimpanzeedoesnotfashiontoolsto
“aregularandsetpattern”butthen,prehistoricpeople,aftertheir6._____
developmentofstonetools.
Undoubtedlypokedaroundwithsticksandstraws,atwhich
stageitseemsunlikelythattheymadetoolstoasetpatterntoo.7._____
Itisbecausethecloseassociationinmostpeople’smindsof8._____
toolswithhumansthatspecialattentionhasalwaysbeenfocusedupon
anyanimalabletouseanobjectiveasatool;butitisimportanttorealize9._____
thatthisability,onitsown,doesnotnecessarilyindicateanyspecial
intelligenceinthecreatureconcerning.10._____
Passageseven
Duringthetraditionalweddingceremony,thebridalcouple
promiseseachotherlifelongdevotion.Yet,aboutoneoutoffour1._____
Americanmarriagesendsindivorce.Since1940,thedivorcerate
hasmorethandoubled,andexpertspredictthat,ofallmarriages
thatoccuredinthe1970s,about50%willendindivorce,TheUSA2._____
isoneofthehighestdivorceratesintheworld,perhapseventhehighest.3._____
Whatgoeswrong?
Thatfactthatdivorceissocommoninthe
UnitedStatesdoesnotmeanthatAmericansconsidermarriageacasual,
unimportantrelationship.Justoppositeistrue.Americansexpecta4._____
greatdealfrommarriage.Theyseekphysical,emotional,and
intellectualcompatibility.Theywanttobeloveddeepandunderstood.5.______
ItisbecauseAmericansexpectsomuchfrommarriagethatsomany
getdivorce.Theyprefernomarriageatalltoamarriagewithoutlove6.______
andunderstanding.WithtypicalAmericanoptimist,theyendone7.______
marriageinthehopeofthatthenextwillbehappier.Withno-fault8.______
divorcelawsinmanystates,Itiseasierthannevertogetadivorce.9.______
SomeAmericanWomenstayinunhappymarriagesbecausetheydo
nothavetheeducationorjobexperiencetosupportthemselvesand
theirchildren.ButmostAmericanwomenbelievethat,ifnecessary,
theycanmakeitlonelywithoutahusband.Allthingsconsidered,10._____
Americanshavelittlerea