论证方法及其雅思作文结构分析.docx

论证方法及其雅思作文结构分析.docx

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论证方法及其雅思作文结构分析

Exemplification

Example:

aspecificfact,idea,person,orthingthatisusedtoexplainorsupportageneralidea,ortoshowwhatistypicalofalargergroup

举例相关关联词：

Forexample

Forinstance

Take（Consider）…asanexample

Acaseinpoint

suchas

including

Somepeoplethinkthatanimalsshouldbetreatedasfriends.Yetothersonlyconsideranimalsassourcesoffoodandclothing.Whatisyouropinion?

SampleAnswer

Thereisagrowingtendencynowadaysforsomepeopletotreatanimalsaslivingmeatandwalkingfur.Thisleadstothecruelslaughterofanimalsallovertheworldeveryyear.Yet,inmyopinion,insteadofkillinganimals,humanbeingsshouldtreatthemastheirfriends.

Itisanundeniablefactthatanimalsplayavitalroleinmaintainingthesubtlebalanceoftheearth'secologicalsystem.Thelackofthisessentialpartwillbringaboutthedestructionofthewholeworld.Therefore,tosomeextent,killinganimalsisequaltodiggingourowngraves.

Forthousandsofyears,manyanimalshavegivenloyalservicetohumans.Pigeonsconveymessagesinwartime,anddogshelptodetectcrime.Evenpigs,whichmanypeoplethinkarethemoststupidanimals,areusedinthebattleagainstdrugs.Thereisnodoubtthatourliveswouldbefarlessconvenientwithoutalittlehelpfromouranimalfriends.

Animalsalsohelphumansinaspiritualway.Thereisnothingbetterthankeepingacatoradogifyouwantyourkidstobemoreindependentandresponsible.Itisalsonotedthatseniorcitizenslivelongeriftheykeeppetsaftertheirretirement.

Tosumup,animalsarehumanbeings'friends.Thosewhoregardanimalsasmerelyasourceoffoodandclothingshouldatleastbearonethinginmind:

Beingkindtoanimalsisbeingkindtoourselves.Therefore,forourownfuturebenefit,pleasetreatanimalswithloveandcare.

Topicsentence:

Agrowingnumberofenvironmentalproblemsarenolongerconfinedtoacertainregionorcountry.

Forexample,oilspillscanpolluteinternationalwatersandthelossoftheozonelayermayleadtothemeltingoficecapsandglaciers,whichinturn,mayraisesealevelsworldwide.

Topicsentence:

TheadvertisementsonTV,newspaperandotherkindsofmediamayconfuseconsumersandmakethemrushtopurchaseproductswhichtheydon’treallyneed.

Takethecellphoneforexample.Itsfunctionsandpracticaluseareoftenexaggeratedinadvertisements.What’smore,theadvertisementsevencreateafashionableatmosphereforcellphoneswhichappealstoyoungpeopletochangetheirphonescontinuouslywhileignoringthebasicserviceofcellphonesisjusttomakeaphonecall.

Explanation

解释：

Itmeans

Thatistosay

Inotherwords

Toputitanotherway

BythatImean

Ibelievethetraditionalfamily,withbothparentsprovidingemotionalsupportandrole-modelsfortheirchildren,isthemostsatisfactorywayofbringingupchildren.

Educationafterbirthplaysasignificantroleinone’sdevelopment.Education,whichhelpschildrendeveloptheirthinkingandaccumulatetheirknowledge,isadecidingfactorofone’ssuccess.Forexample,ahigh-schoollevelpersoncommonlymaynotsucceedtotheextentofapersonwhohasreceivedauniversityeducation.Thisisnotonlybecauseofthegreaterbreadthofknowledgeacquired,butalsoduetoamorecriticalandfocusedwayofthinkingthatisimpartedandrefinedduringonessenioreducation.

Ithinkanabilitytokeepclearperspectivesinlifeisamoreessentialfactorinachievinghappiness.BythatImeananabilitytohaveaclearsenseofwhatisimportantinourlives（thewelfareofourfamilies,thequalityofourrelationships,makingotherpeoplehappy,etc.）andwhatisnot（aproblematwork,gettingannoyedabouttrivialthings,etc.）

CauseandEffect

Cause:

becauseof

asaresultof

dueto

thanksto

owingto

because

as

since

for

Result:

asaresult

asaconsequence

accordingly

inthisway

thus

hence

so

therefore

妇女不应该当兵，因为她们的体力不如男子。

Womenshouldbejoininthearmy

Womenshouldnotbeamemberofthearmy

Womenshouldnottakeupamilitarycareer

becausetheyarenotasstrongasmen

becausetheyareinferiortomeninphysicalstrength

becauseoftheirphysicalinadequacies

Inmanycountriesschoolshavesevereproblemswithstudentbehaviour.

Whatdoyouthinkarethecausesofthis?

Whatsolutionscanyousuggest?

范文：

PoorstudentbehaviourseemstobeanincreasinglywidespreadproblemandIthinkthatmodernlifestylesareprobablyresponsibleforthis.

Inmanycountries,thebirthrateisdecreasingsothatfamiliesaresmallerwithfewerchildren.Thesechildrenareoftenspoilt,notintermsofloveandattentionbecauseworkingparentsdonothavethetimeforthis,butinmorematerialways.Theyareallowedtohavewhatevertheywant,regardlessofprice,andtobehaveastheyplease.Thismeansthatthechildrengrowupwithoutconsiderationforothersandwithoutanyunderstandingofwheretheirstandardoflivingcomesfrom.

在许多国家，由于出生率的下降，家庭规模越来越小。

这些家庭里的孩子经常被大人宠坏，这倒不是说他们得到了太多的爱和关怀，因为外出工作的父母没有那么多的时间给与这些，而是更加物质的方面。

父母允许这些小孩不管价格高低想要什么就得到什么，而且为所欲为。

这意味着在这些孩子的成长过程中，他们没有学会考虑他人，也不知道自己所享受的生活来自哪里。

Whentheygettoschoolagetheyhavenotlearntanyselfcontrolordiscipline.Theyhavelessrespectfortheirteachersandrefusetoobeyschoolrulesinthewaythattheirparentsdid.

当这些孩子到了上学年龄，他们没有学会任何自制力。

和父母相比，他们不那么尊敬老师，也不愿意遵守学校的规章制度。

ComparisonandContrast

similarly

likewise

inthesamemanner

inthesameway

but

while

whereas

whilst

onthecontrary

incontrast

bycontrast

ontheotherhand

instead

rather

conversely

Planeisthefastestmeansoftransportation.

Itusedtotakeusabout10hourstogotoaplacebycar.Now,wecangothereinnomorethan1hourbyair.

Whatusedtotakeus10hoursbycarcannowbecoveredwithin1hourbyair.

ConcessionandRefutation

although

while

admittedly

itistruethat

itisoftenthecasethat

but

however

nevertheless

Althougholdpeopleareunlikelytofacephysicallychallengingtasks,therearemanyjobsthatareespeciallysuitableforoldpeople,suchasjobsthatcallformoreexperienceandwisdomthanphysicalpower.Withtheirrichexperienceinbothworkandlife,manyoldpeoplewouldmakegoodconsultants,instructors,coaches,doctorsandpsychologists,tomentiononlyafew.

Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherearecertainlygentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.

论证方法总结及分类论证：

妇女是否应当参军？

Inmanycountries,womenarenotabletojoininthearmytoshareequalbasiswithmenandsomepeoplethinkthatonlymenshouldbeamemberofthearmy,navyandairforce.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?

应当；不应当；主体客体分类

Whyshould?

●战争的状态和要求Thewaybattlesarefoughthasundergonedramaticchangesandsowomenhaveanequalbasisasmen.

●参军的职责Justasmenhavetheresponsibilityofbringingupchildrenwithwomen,sowomenshouldbeartheburdenofprotectingtheirowncountrybyjoininginthearmy.

Whyshouldnot?

（军人必备的条件？

物质/非物质？

）

●妇女体力不行（妇女不应当当兵是因为她们的体力不如男子。

）

●男女分工不同

Culturallyspeaking,womenarenotfitforthepositionofkilling.

分类：

主体/客体

主体分类：

什么妇女？

客体分类：

当什么兵？

完整文章分析：

Manypeoplebelievethatwomenmakebetterparentsthanmenandthatthisiswhytheyhavethegreaterroleinraisingchildreninmostsocieties.Othersclaimthatmenarejustasgoodaswomenatparenting.Writeanessayexpressingyourpointofview.

SampleAnswer:

Theviewthatwomenarebetterparentsthanmenhasshownitselftobetruethroughouthistory.Thisisnottosaythatmenarenotofimportanceinchild-rearing;indeed,theyaremostnecessaryifchildrenaretoappreciatefullytherolesofbothsexes.Butwomenhaveproventhemselvessuperiorparentsasaresultoftheirconditioning,theirlessaggressivenatureandtheirgenerallybettercommunicationskills.

Fromthetimetheyarelittlegirls,femaleslearnaboutnurturing.Firstwithdollsandlaterperhapswithyoungerbrothersandsisters,girlsaregiventheroleofcareer.Girlsseetheirmothersinthesamerolesandsoitisnaturalthattheyidentifythisasafemaleactivity.Boys,incontrast,learncompetitiverolefarremovedfromwhatitmeanstonurture.Whileboysmaydreamofadventures,girls’conditioningmeanstheytendtoseethefutureintermsofraisingfamilies.

Girlsalsoappeartobelessaggressivethanboys.Inadulthood,itismen,notwomen,whoprovetobetheaggressorsincrimeandinwar.Obviously,inraisingchildren,amorepatient,gentlemannerispreferabletoamoreaggressiveone.Althoughtherecertainlyexistgentlemenandaggressivewomen,byandlarge,femalesarelesslikelytoresorttoviolenceinattemptingtosolveproblems.

Finally,womentendtobebettercommunicatorsthanmen.Thisisshowninintelligencetests,wherefemales,onaverage,dobetterinverbalcommunicationthanmales.Ofcourse,communicationisofutmostimportanceinrearingchildren,aschildrentendtolearnfromandadoptthecommunicationstylesoftheirparents.

Thus,whileitisallverywelltosuggestagreaterroleformeninraisingchildren,letusnotforgetthatwomenaregenerallybettersuitedtotheparentingrole.

雅思议论文论证结构

Argument

Somepeoplethinkthat…Othersbelievethat…Discussandgiveyouropinion.

题目特点：

题目当中包含着针锋相对的两种观点。

要求讨论并且提出你自己的观点。

平衡式

●交代双方观点

●观点一及其理由

●观点二及其理由

●我的观点（倾向性---一或二或折中）

注意：

中心思想常在末段首句

Somepeoplebelievethatmoneyspentonspaceresearchbenefit