考研英语一完型填空英语知识应用讲义.docx
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考研英语一完型填空英语知识应用讲义
“英语知识运用”讲义
（USEOFENGLISH）
一．考试要求
英语知识应用主要考察考生对英语知识的综合运用能力。
本部分共20个小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。
在一篇约240-280词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
注意：
该部分不仅考察考生对于不同语境中规范的语言要素（包括词汇、表达方式和结构）的掌握程度，而且还考察考生对语段特征（如连贯性和一致性）的辨识能力。
二．考试概况
1.体裁：
多为论说文
2.题材：
社会话题
3.文章来源：
外刊
4.分值：
10分
5.答题时间：
小于20分钟
6.难度：
较高
三．命题原则
1.第一句不出题。
2.答案平均分布
3.胡萝卜加大棒。
四．三大考点
（一）逻辑关系
逻辑关系是英语知识运用考查的重点！
主要考察句句之间的一致性和完整性。
例1
SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,_______otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoorshape.
A.soB.whileC.sinceD.unless
解析：
本句考察两个句子之间的逻辑关系，
Somepeople/others
HighBMI/lowBMI
Infact
三个线索，指向本题答案。
（二）词义辨析
例2
Thissuggestthatdimmerbulbsburnlonger,thatthereisan_________innotbeingtoobright.
A.tendencyB.advantageC.inclinationD.priority
解析：
atendencyfor/todos.th
anadvantagein
aninclinationfor
takepriorityovers.th
例3
Negativeattitudestowardobesity,groundedinhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity______.Myownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign……
A.discussionsB.businessC.policiesD.studies
解析：
我的医院禁止含糖饮料
很多雇主开展减肥和健身活动
米歇尔奥巴马发起……运动
（三）固定搭配
例4
MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign_______childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.
A.forB.againstC.withD.without
解析：
固定搭配+常识判断。
五．应对方法
1.答题顺序：
跳过空格，通读全文——左顾右盼，寻找答案——检查答案，纠错防漏
2.做题方法：
上蹿下跳，左顾右盼（本质是用已经信息推断出未知信息）
3.甄别方法：
找关联词
4.关键能力：
语义衔接+语义甄别
六．答题技巧
1.难易相间法。
句首或者句尾的空格，一般较为容易选出（往往都是逻辑关系词）。
一句话的最后一个单词空格，要看后句；一句话的第一个单词空格，就看前句。
（一般会用最后一个单词空格的方式）
例5
Weighingyourselfregularlyisawonderfulwaytostayawareofanysignificantweightfluctuations.______,whendonetoooften,thishabitcansometimeshurtmorethanit______.
A．besidesB.thereforeC.otherwiseD.However
A.helpsB.caresC.warnsD.reduces
2.选项锁定法。
选项中有两个正反答案，那么必选其一。
例6
Anumberofstudieshaveconcludedthatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually_______.
A.protectiveB.dangerousC.sufficientD.troublesome
3.关联词答题法。
例7
Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayersqualifyasobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatislow.Conversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta______BMI.
A.strangeB.changeableC.normalD.constant
（请注意，but后不会给你出简单的题目，让你直接填high）
例8
Justsevenyearsago,theTexasLegislatureprescribedthatallhighschoolersmustpasstwomathcoursesandgeometrytograduate.Thissummer,thestatereversedcourse,easingits__1__math,science,andsocialstudiesrequirementsto__2__classtimeforjobtraining.
1.A.specialB.vitalC.strictD.absurd
2.A.freeupB.getbyC.passupD.drainon
附：
英语中常见的10大类逻辑关系词
1.表列举——例如：
suchas……，forexample,forinstance,tonameafew……,including
2.表原因——因为：
because,becauseof,as,since,for,inthat,nowthat,owingto,thanksto,dueto,onaccountof,given,considering,asaresultof……,accordingto……
3.表结果——所以：
so,sothat,suchthat,asaresult,consequently,therefore,thus,hence,forthisreason，leadto,accordingly
4.表让步——虽然：
though,although,eventhough,evenif,inspiteof,despite，whereas,muchas,as,while
5.表对比——而：
but,however,yet,nevertheless,incomparison,conversely,bycontrast,onthecontrary,against,insteadof,ratherthan
6.表时间顺序——先后：
then,after,before,following,priorto
7.表目的——为了：
inorderto,sothat,withaviewto,inorderthat,soasto,forthepurposeof,inhopeof,lest
8.表条件——假如：
if，supposing,incase,intheeventthat,aslongas,provided,onconditionthat,unless
9.表并列——也，and,aswellas,similarly,simultaneously,also
10.表递进——此外：
inaddition,besides,additionally,apartfrom，furthermore,indeed,moreover,still,inparticular
七．真题训练
AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras“abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth.”But---_1_someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes_2__short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsbloodvessels,_3_heartrateandoxygenconsumptionButbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto_4_,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave__5__benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.
__6__,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyaccomplishesthe__7__,studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter__8__muscles,decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesdown.
Suchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp_9__theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof__10___feedback,thatimproveanindividual’semotionalstate._11__oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted____12___physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry___13___theyaresadbuttheybecomesadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.
Althoughsadnessalso_14_tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow_15_muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto_16_apeneitherwiththeirteeth-therebycreatinganartificialsmile–orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea（n）_17__expression.Thoseforcedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles_18_moreexuberantlytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,__19__thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.__20__,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.
1.[A]among[B]except[C]despite[D]like
2.[A]reflect[B]demand[C]indicate[D]produce
3.[A]stabilizing[B]boosting[C]impairing[D]determining
4.[A]transmit[B]sustain[C]evaluate[D]observe
5.[A]measurable[B]manageable[C]affordable[D]renewable
6.[A]Inturn[B]Infact[C]Inaddition[D]Inbrief
7.[A]opposite[B]impossible[C]average[D]expected
8.[A]hardens[B]weakens[C]tightens[D]relaxes
9.[A]aggravate[B]generate[C]moderate[D]enhance
10.[A]physical[B]mental[C]subconscious[D]internal
11.[A]Exceptfor[B]Accordingto[C]Dueto[D]Asfor
12.[A]with[B]on[C]in[D]at
13.[A]unless[B]until[C]if[D]because
14.[A]exhausts[B]follows[C]precedes[D]suppresses
15.[A]into[B]from[C]towards[D]beyond
16.[A]fetch[B]bite[C]pick[D]hold
17.[A]disappointed[B]excited[C]joyful[D]indifferent
18.[A]adapted[B]catered[C]turned[D]reacted
19.[A]suggesting[B]requiring[C]mentioning[D]supposing
20.[A]Eventually[B]Consequently[C]Similarly[D]Conversely
The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices have become an important issue recently. The court cannot _1_ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law _2_ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances, justices acted in ways that _3_ the court’s reputation for being independent and impartial.
Justice Antonin Scalia, for example, appeared at political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court’s decisions will be _4_ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is thatthe justices are not _5_by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself _6_to thecode of conduct that _7_to the rest of the federal judiciary.
This and other similar cases _8_the question of whether there is still a _9_between the court and politics.
The framers of the Constitution envisioned law _10_having authority apart from politics. They gave justices permanent positions _11_they would be free to _12_ those in power and have no need to _13_ political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so closely _14_.
Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in fundamental social _15_ like liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _16_ isinescapably political-which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _17_ as unjust.
The justices must _18_ doubts about the court’s legitimacy by making themselves _19_ to the code of conduct. That would make rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _20_,convincing as law.
1. [A]emphasize [B]maintain [C]modify [D] recognize
2. [A]when[B]lest [C]before [D] unless
3. [A]restored [B]weakened [C]established[D] eliminated
4. [A]challenged [B]compromised [C]suspected [D] accepted
5. [A]advanced [B]caught[C]bound[D]founded
6. [A]resistant [B]subject [C]immune [D]prone
7. [A]resorts[B]sticks [C]loads [D]applies
8. [A]evade [B]raise [C]deny [D]settle
9. [A]line [B]barrier [C]similarity [D]conflict
10. [A]by [B]as [C]though [D]towards
11. [A]so [B]since [C]provided [D]though
12. [A]serve [B]satisfy[C]upset [D]replace
13. [A]confirm [B]express [C]cultivate [D]offer
14. [A]guarded [B]followed [C]studied [D]tied
15. [A]concepts [B]theories [C]divisions [D]conventions
16. [A]excludes [B]questions [C]shapes [D]controls
17. [A]dismissed [B]released [C]ranked [D]distorted
18. [A]suppress [B]exploit [C]address [D]ignore
19. [A]accessible [B]amiable [C]agreeable [D]accountable
20. [A]by all means[B]atall costs [C]in a word [D]as a result
Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat__1__theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby__2__factors.ButDr.UriSimonsohnspeculatedt
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