自考英语语法名词解释.docx

自考英语语法名词解释.docx

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自考英语语法名词解释

AcronymsAcronymsisawordcoinedbyputtingtogethertheinitiallettersofagroupofwords.

AffixationAwordformationapproachthatattachesmorpheme–anaffixtoabase，whichisawordwith1ormoreaffixesinit.

Anaphoricreference前照应Ademonstrativedeterminerwithanaphoricreferenceismorelikelytogowithanon-restrictiverelativeclause

Cataphoricreference后照应Ademonstrativedeterminerwithcataphoricreference，whichgoeswitharestrictiverelativeclause

CollectivenounsThesearegenerallycountablenouns，buteveninthesingulartheyrefertogroupsofpeople，animalsorthings.

CompoundAcompound，theproductofcomposition，anditisalexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.

ConversionThederivationalprocesswherebyanitemisadaptedorconvertedtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofanaffix.

Coordination并列词Realizedbycoordinators（alsotermedcoordinatingconjunctions）whichjoinunitsatthesamelevel.

CountablenounsNounsthatcantakeplural.

Danglingparticiple:

_{2{_Z0N_A_Whenthesubjectofparticipleisnotexpressed,itisnormallytobethesubjectoftheclause.Itisusuallypoorgrammar,andsometimesabsurd,ifthisruleisbroken:

Tryingtobequiet,thefloorboardcreaked.Buttheruleisoftenbrokenwhenthesubjectisvaguelyunderstoodtobe“one”,“we”,“you”,peopleingeneral.

DeterminerWordsusedinthepremodificationofnounphraseandputbeforeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadwordofnoun.

DynamicadjectivesManyadjectivescanalsobeusedinthedynamicsense（bebeinga.）inpredicativepositiontoshowsubjectivemeasurementorsuggestatemporarystate，implyingthequalitiescanbecontrolledorrestricted.（e.g.heisbeingrude）

end-focus尾部焦点underneutralconditions，thenucleusfallsonthelastelementofthesequenceasitiscommonthatweprocesstheinformationinamessagetoachievealinearpresentationformlowtohighinformationvalue.Werefertothisastheprincipleofend-focus.

ellipsis：

省略leavesouttheredundant/wordypartanddonotprovideasubstitute.

ExclamationExpressourimpression，especiallyoursurprise，excitement，amazement，etc.Itdoesn‘ttakeS-Vinversion.

exophoricreference语言外照应Nonlinguisticorsituationalcontext.

FiniteverbphraseItsheadwordisafiniteverb，whichisrestrictedbytenseandkeepsconcordwiththesubject.

ForeignpluralsWordsthatareborrowedfromotherlanguagesoftenhaveforeignplurals.

Fronting:

华夏大地教育网4Y_T_c_S__m6_Frontingisatermwhichreferstotheremovalofanitemfromitsunmarkedpositiontothemarkedpresubjectposition.

InfinitiveTheinfinitiveoccursasaverbinthebaseformwhichmaygowithorwithoutto.

InherentadjectivesInherentadjectivesdenoteinherentqualitiescharacterizethereferentofthenoun.（e.gabighouse）

MassnounsNounsthatcan‘ttakeplural.a

Non-finiteVerbPhraseItsfirstelementisanon-finiteverbfreefromtherestrictoftenseandconcordofsubject.

Non-inherentadjectivesNon-inherentadjectivesidentifyqualitiesinanindirectway.（e.g.abigeater）

Non-predictive（non-epistemic）Non-predictivemeaningsofmodalauxiliariesareveryheterogeneousinnature，thiscategorycoversavarietyofmeanings，except“prediction”。

Non-restrictiveadjectives非限定性形容词Non-restrictiveadjectivesprovideadditionalinformationnotessentialfortheidentificationofthenoun.Adjectivemodifyingpropernounarenormallynon-restrictive.（e.g.myfatwife）

Predictivemeaning（epistemic）Thepredictivemeaning，ratherhomogeneousinnature，isconcernedwiththespeaker‘sassumptionorassessmentofprobabilityandindicatesthespeaker’sconfidenceinthetruthofhisstatement.

ProperNounsPropernounsdenoteindividualpersons，places，etc，normallybeginswithacapitalletter，hasnopluralformandcan‘toccurafteranarticle.

Pseudo-passiveApseudo-passivesentenceispassiveinformbutactiveinmeaning.Itsed-participleisadjectivalized；itcanoccurinacomparativeconstruction，withavarietyofprepositionalphrasesotherthanby-phrase，andwithotherlinkverbsbesidesbeandget.

PutativeShouldPutativeshouldisnotverymeaningfulinitsownright；inmanycases，itsfunctionistofillinastructuralslot.Thisuseofshouldiscommonlyfoundinthethat-clauseafteranadjectiveoranoundenotingafeelingoranopinion.e.g.It‘sstrangethatsheshouldwearhereveningdressforsuchaninformalparty.

UnitnounsUnitnounsareusedtospecifythequantitiesofthemodifiednoun.

reference照应usinggrammaticalpro-formwhichexplicitly/clearlyreferelsewhere

RestrictiveadjectivesRestrictiveadjectiveshelpidentifythenounbydescribingitsdistinctivequalities（e.g.afatwoman）

StativeadjectivesThemajorityofadjectivesarestativeinnature，describingpermanentinherentqualities.e.g.abighouse

SubjectcomplementSemantically，subjectcomplementsdenotewhatthesubjectisorwhatthesubjectbecomes–thetwonotionsthataremosttypicallyexpressedbybeandbecome.

Subordination主从连接词Realizedbysubordinators（alsotermedsubordinatingconjunctions），involvesthelinkingofunitsatdifferentlevelssothattheyformahierarchy.Asubordinatorintroducesasubordinateclausewhichisattachedtothemainclause（alsotermedthesuperordinateclause）。

substitute替代cutsoffpartofthesentence（aword，phrase，oraclause）andfillsinthegapwithasmalleritem，whichcorrespondstothereplaceitem.

TagquestionsAtagquestionnormallyconsistsofastatementandaquestiontag.

textReferstoaunifiedpassageanditisasemanticunit.Itisstructurallywell-integrated，andsemanticallycoherent.

VerbPhraseTheheadwordofaverbphraseisthemainverb.Twoelementsinthestructureareimportant：

themainverbandauxiliaries.

WH-questionsWH-questionsbeginwithWH-seriesofwords.（Whatif=whatshouldIdo，Howcome=why）

YES-NOquestionsYES-NOquestionscanbeansweredby“Yes”or“No”

1.Whatarethetwomajortypesofalternativequestions?

TheyarethetypeofYES-NOquestions,e.g.A:

Wouldyouliketeaorcoffee?

B:

Tea,please.AndthetypeofWH-questions,e.g.A:

Whatwouldyoulike,teaofcoffee?

B:

Tea,please.

2.Whydoweneedtogobeyondthesentenceandstudythetext?

Becausetoexpressaclearandcompleteideaorthought,weneedmorethanonesentence.Itisquiterarethatweonlyuseonesentencetoexpressourideas.Whenanideaorthoughtisexpressedinmorethanonesentence,wehaveatext,whichrelatessentencestogether.Inotherwords,sentencesinatextarecoherentsothattheyhelpeachotherinexpressingacompleteidea.Thestudyofthetextistoknowhowsentencescanbejoinedtogethercoherentlysothattheycanbestexpressideas.

3.Explainthesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliarywithexamples.

Thesyntacticdistinctionbetweenthepredictiveandnon-predictiveuseofmodalauxiliaryisclearinthefollowingtwosentences:

1）Hecan’thavebeenthereyesterday.2）Hecouldn’tbethereyesterday.Thetwosentencesrevealtwoquitedifferentusesofthemodalauxiliary.Thefirstsentence,wherethepredictivecan’trelatestoimpossibilityandthemainverbismarkedforpasttimereference,referstothespeaker’spresentdenialofpossibilityofapastevent.Inthesecond,themodalauxiliaryitself,innon-predictiveuse,ismarkedforpasttense,referringtolackofabilityinthepast.

4.What’sthefunctionofrelativepronoun?

Therelativepronounservesasa“link”betweentherelativeclauseanditsantecedent.Itperformstwofunctions:

showingconcordwithitsantecedentandindicatingitsfunctionwithintherelativeclause.

5..Provideexampletoillustratenominal,verbalandcausalellipsis.

1）Nominalellipsis:

Whygivemetwocupsofcoffee?

Ionlyaskedforone.

2）Verbalellipsis:

--Haveyouseenhimbefore?

--Yes,Ihave（seenhimbefore）.

3）Causalellipsis:

--AreyouOK?

--Yes（,IamOK）.

6.Iftenseisrelatedtotime,whatisaspectrelatedto?

Whentensepointstothetemporallocationofaneventorastateofaffairs,aspect“reflectsthewayinwhichtheverbactionisregardedorexperiencedwithrespecttotime”.

7.Apartfromqueryingthetruthofastatement,whatotherpotentialfunctionscanaNoquestionperform?

Theymayberegardedasthespeaker’sinvitationsorsuggestions,madeinatentativewayastheyoftenare,ratherthanhisnegativeassumptions.Theyarelikeimperatives.Forexample:

Won’tyoucomein?

Won’tyousitdown?

Theycanalsobelikeexclamations:

Isn’titlovely?

Aren’tyousilly?

8.Listthetypesofantecedents.

Theantecedentisdividedintonominalantecedentandnon-nominalantecedent.Nominalantecedentsfallintodifferentsubclasses:

theymaybecommonnounsorpropernouns,personalpronounsordemonstrativepronouns.Non-nominalantecedentcanbesubdividedintothreetypes:

clause,verbphrase,predicativeadjective.

9.Provideexamplestoillustrateresult-adjunctsandpurpose-adjuncts

thatareintroducedbysothat.Heworkedharder,sothathemanagedtopasstheexaminations.（result）Heworkedhardersothathecouldpasstheexaminations.（purpose）

10.Provideexamplestoillustratethethreedegreesofcomparison.

Mybrotherisastallasme.（positivedegree）Mybrotheristallerthanmyfather.（comparativedegree）Mybrotheristhetallestinthefamily.（superlativedegree）

11.Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,whatareitscharacteristicuses?

Whenthesimplepresentreferstothepresenttime,itissuitableforthegeneraltimelessstatementsortheexpressionofso-called“