级阅读理解真题.docx

级阅读理解真题.docx

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级阅读理解真题

2016年四级

Passageone

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

AsArtificialIntelligence（Al）becomesincreasingly

sophisticated,therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscouldbecomeathreat・Thisdangercanbeavoided,accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell,ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode・

Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasks,it'snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAllanguage・

Forexample,ifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouse,youwouldn?

twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren."Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues,MsaidRussel1.

Somerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues・Forexample,mobilerobotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans・Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences,butifyouweretalkingtoanotherpersonandtheycameupcloseinyourpersonalspace,youwouldn'tthinkthat'sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-uppersonwoulddo.

Itwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachines,ifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules・

Robotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargesetsofdataonhumanbehavior・Theyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersarecareless・

Thebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey'veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo（禁忌）・

Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation・

Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowave,ithastheopportunitytostop,sendoutbeeps（嘟嘟声），andaskfordirectionsfromahuman.Ifwehumansaren'tquitesureaboutadecision,wegoandasksomebodyelse・

Themostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoral,andhowtocreateasetofethicalrules・Butifwecomeupwithananswer,robotscouldbegoodforhumanity・

46.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofrobots

A）Itmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers・

B）Itaccompaniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnology.

C）Itcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguage・

D）Ithasbecomeaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoresophisticated.

47.Whatwouldwethinkofapersonwhoinvadesourpersonalspaceaccordingtotheauthor

A）Theyareaggressive・

B）Theyareoutgoing・

C）Theyareignorant・

D）Theyareill-bred・

48.Howdorobotslearnhumanvalues

A）Byinteractingwithhumansineverydaylifesituations.

B）Byfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeings.

C）Bypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehavior・

D）Byimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeings・

49.Whatwillawe11-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualsituation

A）keepadistancefrompossibledangers・

B）Stoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeing・

C）Triggeritsbuilt一inalarmsystematonce・

D）Dosufficienttestingbeforetakingaction.

50.Whatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoaprogrammablecode

A）Determinewhatismoralandethica1・

B）Designsomelarge-scaleexperiments・

C）Setrulesforman-machineinteraction.

D）Developamoresophisticatedprogram.

PassageTwo

Questions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage・

WhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothersYouknowthestandardexplanations:

keepingamoderatediet,engaginginregularexercise,etc・Butwhateffectdoesyourpersonalityhaveonyourlongevity（长力：

）DosomekindsofpersonalitiesleadtolongerlivesAnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthepersonalitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100.

Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoing,moreactiveandlessneurotic（神经质的）thanotherpeople.Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan・Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory:

thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes・

Interestingly,however,othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger・Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined,forinstance,werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold・Also,beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife,whichmightexplainallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways・

Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyourpersonalityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate・Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglife,youshouldstrivetobeasoutgoingaspossible・

Unfortunately,anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyourmotherspersonalitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity.Thatstudylookedatnearly28,000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious,depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets・Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe'readults,whichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingyounger・

Personalityisn，tdestiny（命运），andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange・Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn"tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth・

51.TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietyis・

A）toseewhetherpeople'spersonalityaffectstheirlifespan

B）tofindoutifone'slifestylehasanyeffectontheirhealth

C）toinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalonglife

D）toexamineallthefactorscontributingtolongevity

52.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticpeople

A）Theyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolution.

B）Theyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreement・

C）Theygenerallyappearmoreresourceful・

D）Theyaremorelikelytogetoverhardship・

53.Whatfindingofthestudymightprovesomewhatoutofourexpectation

A）Easy-goingpeoplecanalsolivearelativelylonglife・

B）Personalitycharacteristicsthatproveadvantageousactuallyvarywithtimes・

C）Suchpersonalitycharacteristicsasself-disciplinehavenoeffectonlongevity.

D）Readinesstoacceptnewideashelpsoneenjoylongevity.

54.WhatdoestherecentstudyofNorwegianmothersshow

A）Children'spersonalitycharacteristicsareinvariablydeterminedbytheirmothers・

B）Peoplewithunhealthyeatinghabitsarelikelytodiesooner・

C）Mothers'influenceonchildrenmaylastlongerthanfathers'・

D）Mothers'negativepersonalitycharacteristicsmayaffecttheirchildren，slifespans・

55.Whatcanwelearnfromthefindingsofthetwonewstudies

A）Anxietyanddepressionmoreoftenthannotcutshortone'slifespan.

B）Longevityresultsfromacombinationofmentalandphysicalhealth・

C）Personalityplaysadecisiveroleinhowhealthyoneis.

D）Hea1thisinlargepartrelatedtoone'slifestyle・

2016年6级阅读理：

PassageOne

Questions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

Interactivetelevisionadvertising,whichallowsviewerstousetheirremotecontrolstoclickonadvertisements,hasbeenpushedforyears・Nearlyadecadeagoitwaspredictedthatviewersof“Friends”,apopularsituationcomedy,wouldsoonbeabletopurchaseasweaterlikeJenniferAniston*swithafewtapsontheirremotecontro1.“It'sbeentheyearofinteractivetelevisionadvertisingforthelasttenortwelveyears,”saysColinDixonofadigital-mediaconsuItancy・

SothenewsthatCablevision,andAmericancablecompany,wasrollingoutinteractiveadvertisementstoallitscustomersonOctober6thwasgreetedwithsomeskepticism.Duringcommercials,anoverlaywillappearatthebottomofthescreen,promptingviewerstopressabuttontorequestafreesampleororderacatalogue・Cablevisionhopestoallowcustomerstobuythingswiththeirremotecontrolsearlynextyear・

Televisionadvertisingcoulddowithaboost・Spendingfellby10%inthefirsthalfoftheyear・Thepopularizationofdigitalvideorecordershascausedadvertiserstoworrythattheircommercialswillbeskipped・SomeareturningtotheInternet,whichischeaperandoffersconcretemeasurementslikeclick-throughrates—especiallyimportantatatimewhenmarketingbudgetsaretight・Withthelaunchofinteractiveadvertising,"manyofthedollarsthatwenttotheInternetwillcomebacktotheTV,”saysDavidKlineofCablevision.Orsotheindustryhopes・

Intheory,interactiveadvertisingcanengageviewersinawaythat30-secondspotsdonot・UnileverrecentlyrananinteractivecampaignforitsAxedeodorant（除臭剂）,whichkeptviewersengagedformorethanthreeminutesonaverage・

Theamountspentoninteractiveadvertisingontelevisionisstillsmal1・Magna,anadvertisingagency,reckonsitwillbeworthabout$138millionthisyear・Thatfallsfarshortofthebillionsofdollarspeopleonceexpectedittogenerate・ButDirecTV,ComcastandTimeWarnerCablehaveallinvestedinit.AneweffortledbyCanoeVentures,acoalitionofleadingcableproviders,aimstomakeinteractiveadvertisingavailableacrossAmericalaterthisyear・BrightLineiTV,Whichdesignsandsellsinteractiveads,saysinteresthassurged:

itexpectsitsrevenuesalmosttotriplethisyear・BSkyB,Britain'sbiggestsatellite-televisionservice,alreadyprovides9millioncustomerswithinteractiveads・

Yettherearedoubtswhetherpeoplewatchingtelevision,a“leanback*1medium,craveinteraction.Click-throughrateshavebeenhighsofar（around3-4%,comparedwithlessthan0.3%online）,butthatmaybearesul