语言学整理.docx

语言学整理.docx

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语言学整理

语言学整理

1.①“哎，几点了”②“不好意思，打搅一下，请问您戴表了吗”

1）thefirstisadirectspeechact;inacasualway;

/alittleimpoliteorevenrudebyusingtheword“哎”toattractmyattention.

2）thesecondisanindirectspeechact;inquirestimebyusingthequestion“请问您戴表了吗”,denotingtheimplicaturethatwhathewantstoknowisnotwhetherIwearawatchbuttime.

/usesanappropriatepragmaticstrategyandpresentsstrongcommunicativecompetence.eg:

不好意思，打搅一下

Thecrucialdistinctionintheuseofthesetwotypesofspeechactsisbasedonthefactthatindirectcommandsorrequestsaresimplyconsideredmoregentleormorepoliteinoursocietythandirectcommands.

2.Statement:

Instudyingothercultures,wedosofromtheperspectiveofourownculture.

考点：

languageandculture.Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

1）Whatthishypothesissuggestsislikethis:

ourlanguagehelpsmouldourwayofthinkingand,consequently,differentlanguagemayprobablyexpressouruniquewaysofunderstandingtheworld.

2）Twoimportantpointscouldbecapturedinthistheory.Ontheonehand,languagemaydetermineourthinkingpatterns;ontheotherhand,similaritybetweenlanguagesisrelative,thegreatertheirstructuraldifferentiationis,themorediversetheirconceptualizationoftheworldwillbe.Therefore,thehypothesishasalternativelybeenreferredtoaslinguisticdeterminismandlinguisticrelativity.

3）Thenotionthatlanguagedeterminesthoughtmaybepartiallycorrect,insomeextremelylimitedway,butitfailstotakeintoaccountthefactthatusersofalanguagedonotinheritafixedsetofpatternstouse.Theyinherittheabilitytomanipulateandcreatewithalanguage,inordertoexpresstheirperceptions.

4）Therefore,wecansaythatinstudyingothercultures,wedosotosomeextentfromtheperspectiveofourownculture.例子：

cousininEnglish

对应中文的“表兄弟”“堂兄弟”“姐妹”“表姐妹”

wifeinEnglish对应“妻子，老婆，内人”

3.Drillsofthefollowingsentences:

Doyouknowwheremybookis?

Doyouknowwhattimeitis?

Butthestudentsstillcameuptotheteacherandasked,DoyouknowwhereisMrs.Smith?

Whatdoyouthinkisthereasonforthemisuse?

Wasthelessonawasteoftime?

Whyorwhynot?

考点：

ErrorAnalysis

1）Thereasonforthismisusecanbeexplainedwithstructuralistviewtowardlearninganderror.Thestructuralistlinguistsfollowthebahavioristicviewthattolearnistochangeoldhabitsandbuildnewhabits.Intheiropinion,errorsoccurwhenthelearnersfailstorespondcorrectlytoaparticularstimulusinthesecondlanguagebecausethefeaturesofthesecondlanguagedifferfromthoseofthenativelanguageandthelearnertendstocarryoverfeaturesofthenativelanguageintothesecondlanguage.Inotherwords,thelearnerfailstochangehisoldhabitssoastoacquirenewhabitsofthesecondlanguage.Sinceanerrormayserveasanegativestimuluswhichreinforcesbadhabits,soitshouldnotbeallowedtooccur.

2）Therefore,thestudentdoesnotformtheEnglishhabitstouseindirectquestionsundertheinfluenceofhisnativelanguagehabits.

3）Thedisadvantagesofthedrillpractice

Viewedasakindofinputanditplaysanimportantroleintheprocessofforminganewhabit,sonotawasteoftime;

butitisperformedoutofrealsituationandfailstodevelopstudent’scommunicativecompetence;

otherapproaches:

communicativeapproach,grammar-translation;directapproach;etc

hasnothingtodowiththeactualuseoflanguageinconcretesituations.However,itdidnot,accordingtoHymes,accountsufficientlyforthesocialandfunctionalrulesoflanguage.

2）

①Hymes’communicativecompetence,then,istheaspectofcompetencethatenablesthespeakerstoconveyandinterpretmessagesandtonegotiatemeaningsinterpersonallywithinspecificcontexts.

②Communicativecompetenceisrelative,notabsolute,anddependsonthecooperationofalltheparticipantsinvolved.

③Communicativecompetenceincludesnotonlytheabilitytoformcorrectsentencesbuttousethematappropriatetimes.

④Thebasicideaofcommunicativecompetenceistheabilitytouselanguageappropriately,bothreceptivelyandproductively,inrealsituations.

eg.Thetwoformsof“you”inChinese,hemaydrawspecialattentiontodifferentcontextsinwhichtheyareused.

3）Communicativecompetencecanbedefined,intermsofthreecomponents.Thefirstisgrammaticalcompetence,whichinvolvestheaccurateuseofwordsandstructures.Thesecondissociolinguisticcompetence,whichenablesthelearnertoknowtospeakproperlyaccordingtothesocialcontext.Thethirdiscalledstrategiccompetence,theabilitytoovercomepotentialcommunicationproblemsininteraction.

6.Sense,DenotationandReference

考点：

①小红书P71Sense&Reference

②Sensehasconceptualmeaning.Thedistinctionbetweensenseandreferencecanbecomparabletothatbetweenconnotationanddenotation.Theformerreferstotheabstractpropertiesofanentity,whichthelatterreferstotheconcreteentitieshavingtheseproperties.

③Tosomeextent,wecansayeverywordhasasense;otherwisewewillnotbeabletouseitorunderstandit;butnoreverywordhasareference.Wordslikeghostordragonrefertoimaginarythings,whichdonotexistinreality.

7.给出六个句子，分成两组形成对比，即间接表达与直接表达的区别。

PleaseexplainwhatyourunderstandingofpolitenessisintheChineseculture.

1）AccordingtoBrownandLevinsonandlaterLeech,indirectspeechactsweremorepoliteanddirectonesbecausetheyminimizethedegreeoffacethreateningactsandthussavethehearer’sface.Gricenoticedthatindailyconversationspeopledonotusuallysaythingsdirectlybuttendtoimplythem.（接下来就是具体分析每个实例）

2）IntheChineseculture,politenesscanbeexpressedbymanymeans.

1.differenttermsofaddressmaybeusedtoexpresspoliteness.（eg）

2.presentedbyusingindirectspeechacts（eg）

8.Differencesbetweenhumanlanguageandotheranimal’swaysofcommunicating

考点：

1）languageisdifferentfromanimalcommunication（阐述观点）

2）designfeatures:

thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication.Thefollowingarethefrequentlydiscussedones:

3）arbitrariness,creativity,duality,displacement,culturaltransmission（每个详述）

9.Cohesion

考点：

语篇衔接问题，衔接是个语义概念，它指的是语篇中语言成分之间的语义联系，或者说是语篇中一个成分与另一个可以与之相互结识的成分之间的关系。

当语篇中一个成分的含义依赖于另一个成分的解释时，便产生衔接关系。

Cohesionisaconcepttodowithdiscourseortextratherthanwithsyntax.Ddiscoursalcohesivenesscanberealizedbyemployingvariouscohesivedevices:

Conjunction,ellipsis,lexicalcollocation,lexicalrepetition,reference,logicalconnection,substitutionandsoon.

10.Chunks

考点：

举例；给chunk下定义；为什么中国学生用“inthecampus”而不是用“oncampus”;theadvantageofusingchunks;pedagogicalimplicationsdrawingfromthemistake

1）eg.“forinstance”“intermsof”“infact”“carryout”

2）Chunks,alsoknownasroutines,refertoasegmentoflanguagemadeupofseveralmorphemesorwordswhichareusedandlearnedasiftheyareasingleitem.

3）Reason:

negativetransferofChinese.InChinese,theysay“在校园里”ratherthan“在校园上”.Theyusuallytranslate“里”intoEnglish“in”ratherthan“on”

4）Itwillhelpyouformanewpurespeakinghabit.Themorechunksyoucanusecorrectly,themoreabilityyouhavetospeakalanguage.

5）Thismistakeiscausedbynegativetransferofmothertongue.Consequently,acontrastiveanalysisofthelearner’snativelanguageandthetargetlanguagehasandthisinturndetermineswhatthelearnerhastolearnandwhattheteacherhastoteach.Sincelanguagelearnershavedifferentmothertongues,theteachinghastovaryaccordingly.Chunksteachingcanalsohelplearnerstoremovenegativetransfer,andformagoodhabitofspeakingasecondlanguage.

11.Readingstrategies

考点：

Rereading;predicting;verifying;

retelling;clarifying;motivating;eliciting

12.分析句子——为什么可以省略主语

a.Hopeyoulikeeverythinghere.

b.Justimaginewhathasjusthappenedhere.

考点：

1）syntacticpointofview,manysubjectsarepossible,eg,he,we,people.

2）accordingtopragmatics,contextplaysakeyroleincommunication.

（把两个句子具体结合语境分析，fromspeakerandhearer）

13.EntailmentandPresupposition（并分析句子）

1）Inpragmatics,entailmentistherelationshipbetweentwosentenceswherethetruthofone（A）requiresthetruthoftheother.Noticealsothatif（B）isfalse,then（A）mustnecessarilybefalse.

2）Apresuppositionisanimplicitassumptionabouttheworldwhosetruthistakenforgrantedindiscourse.

3）Entailmentdiffersfrompresuppositioninthatinpresupposition,thetruthofwhatoneispresupposingistakenforgranted.Asimpletesttodifferentiatepresuppositionfromentailmentisnegation.Forexample,bothThekingofFranceisillandThekingofFranceisnotillpresupposesthatthereisakinginFrance.However,ThepresidentwasnotassassinatednolongerentailsThepresidentisdead.Presuppositionremainsundernegation,butentailmentdoesnot.

4）具体分析实例，分析真假值

14.分析一段简短话语，考点：

礼貌原则的相关准则

1）AccordingtoLeech,thePPconsistsofsixmaxims,namely,TactMaxim,GenerosityMaxim,ApprobationMaxim,ModestyMaxim,AgreementMaxim,andSympathyMaxim.Inthisnote,TomhasappliedthePPandclearlyshowshispoliteness.

2）具体分析语句，对应好一条条准则

15.故事为题：

几个中国女孩想要问路求助，theysaid“Hello”，当地人无视她们

考点：

社会语言学中语言和文化的关系问题。

答题时可以先就语言和文化各自的定义说明，再阐述两者之间的关系，然后具体分析例子

1）Languageisasystemofarbitrarysymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Whilecultureisdefinedasasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andaretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.

2）Languageisanindispensablecarrierofculture.Culturefindsabetterrepresentationthroughlanguageuse.Inotherwo