华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx

华中科技大学考博英语真题答案.docx

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华中科技大学考博英语真题答案

考试时间2014年3月22日星期六下午2:

00-5:

00原创作者qq347952582

SinceWouldWarIIconsiderableadvanceshavebeenmadeintheareaofhealth-careservices.Theseincludebetteraccesstohealthcare（particularlyforthepoorandminorities）,improvementsinphysicalplants,andincreasednumbersofphysiciansandotherhealthpersonnel.Allhaveplayedapartintherecentimprovementinlifeexpectancy（lifeexpectancy:

n.平均寿命（=expectationoflife））.Butthereismountingcriticismofthelargeremaininggapsinaccess,unbridledcostinflation,thefurtherfragmentationofservice,excessiveindulgenceinwastefulhigh-technology“gadgeteering,”andabreakdownindoctor-patientrelationships.Inrecentyears（inrecentyears:

最近几年中）proposedpanaceasandnewprograms,smallandlarge,haveproliferatedatafeverishpaceanddisappointmentsmultiplyatalmostthesamerate.Thishasledtoanincreasedpessimism—“everythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks”—whichsometimesbordersoncynicismorevennihilism.

Itistruethattheautomatic“passthrough”ofrapidlyspiralingcosts（spiralingcosts:

螺旋式上升的费用）togovernmentandinsurancecarriers,whichwassetinapublicizedenvironmentof“therichestnationintheworld,”producedforatime（foratime:

adv.暂时,一度）asenseofunlimitedresourcesandallowedtodevelopamoodwherebyeverypractitionerandinstitutioncould“dohisownthing”withoutundueconcernforthe“MedicalCommons.”Thepracticeoffull-costreimbursementencouragedcapitalinvestmentandnowtheindustryisovercapitalized.Manycitieshavehundredsofexcesshospitalbeds;hospitalshaveproliferatedasuperabundanceofhigh-technologyequipment;andstructuralostentationandluxuryweretheorderoftheday（orderoftheday:

议程,<口>流行的事物,风尚）.Inanygivenday,one-fourthofallcommunitybedsarevacant;expensiveequipmentisunderusedor,worse,usedunnecessarily.Capitalinvestmentbringsrapidlyrisingoperatingcosts（operatingcosts:

生产费用,营业成本）.

Yet,inpart,thispessimismderivesfromexpectingtoomuchofhealthcare.Itmustberealizedthatcareis,formostpeople,apainfulexperience,oftenaccompaniedbyfearandunwelcomeresults.Althoughthereisvastroomforimprovement,healthcarewillalwaysretainsomeunpleasantnessandfrustration.Moreover,thecapacitiesofmedicalsciencearelimited.HumptyDumpty（一经损坏无法修复的东西）cannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain.Toomanyphysiciansarereluctanttoadmittheirlimitationstopatients;toomanypatientsandfamiliesareunwillingtoacceptsuchrealities.Norisittruethateverythinghasbeentriedandnothingworks,asshownbytheprepaidgrouppracticeplansoftheKaiserFoundationandatPugetSound.Inthemain（inthemain:

adv.大体上）,however,suchundertakingshavebeendrownedbyaveritablefloodofpublicandprivatemoneyswhichhavesupportedandencouragedthecontinuationofconventionalpracticesandsubsidizedtheirshortcomingsonamassive,almostunrestrictedscale.Exceptforthemostidealisticanddedicated,therewerenoincentivestoseekchangeortopracticeself-restraintorfrugality.Inthisatmosphere,itisnotfairtocondemnasfailuresallattemptedexperiments;itmaybemoreaccuratetosaymanyneverhadafairtrial.

1.TheauthorimpliesthattheKaiserFoundationandPugetSoundplans（lines47-48）differedfromotherplansby

（A）encouragingcapitalinvestment

（B）requiringphysicianstotreatthepoor

（C）providingincentivesforcostcontrol

（D）employingonlydedicatedandidealisticdoctors（C）

（E）relyingprimarilyonpublicfunding

2.Theauthormentionsallofthefollowingasconsequencesoffull-costreimbursementEXCEPT

（A）risingoperatingcosts

（B）underusedhospitalfacilities

（C）overcapitalization

（D）overrelianceonexpensiveequipment（E）

（E）lackofservicesforminorities

3.Thetoneofthepassagecanbestbedescribedas

（A）light-heartedandamused

（B）objectivebutconcerned

（C）detachedandunconcerned

（D）cautiousbutsincere（B）

（E）enthusiasticandenlightened

4.Accordingtotheauthor,the“pessimism”mentionedatline35ispartlyattributabletothefactthat

（A）therehasbeenlittlerealimprovementinhealth-careservices

（B）expectationsabouthealth-careservicesaresometimesunrealistic

（C）largesegmentsofthepopulationfinditimpossibletogetaccesstohealth-careservices

（D）advancesintechnologyhavemadehealthcareserviceunaffordable（B）

（E）doctorsarenowlessconcernedwithpatientcare

5.Theauthorcitestheprepaidplansinlines46-48as

（A）counterexamplestotheclaimthatnothinghasworked

（B）examplesofhealth-careplansthatwereover-funded

（C）evidencethathealth-careservicesarefragmented

（D）proofofthetheorythatnoplanhasbeensuccessful（A）

（E）experimentsthatyieldeddisappointingresults

6.Itcanbeinferredthatthesentence“HumptyDumptycannotalwaysbeputbacktogetheragain”meansthat

（A）thecostofhealth-careserviceswillnotdecline

（B）somepeopleshouldnotbecomedoctors

（C）medicalcareisnotreallyessentialtogoodhealth

（D）illnessisoftenunpleasantandevenpainful（E）

（E）medicalsciencecannotcureeveryill

7.Withwhichofthefollowingdescriptionsofthesystemforthedeliveryofhealth-careserviceswouldtheauthormostlikelyagree?

（A）Itisbiasedinfavorofdoctorsandagainstpatients.

（B）Itishighlyfragmentedandcompletelyineffective

（C）Ithasnotembracednewtechnologyrapidlyenough

（D）Itisgenerallyeffectivebutcanbeimproved（D）

（E）Itdiscouragespeoplefromseekingmedicalcare

8.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthelogicalstructureoftheselection?

（A）Thethirdparagraphisintendedasarefutationofthefirstandsecondparagraphs.

（B）Thesecondandthirdparagraphsexplainandputintoperspectivethepointsmadeinthefirstparagraph.

（C）Thesecondandthirdparagraphsexplainandputintoperspectivethepointsmadeinthefirstparagraph.

（D）Thefirstparagraphdescribesaproblem,andthesecondandthirdparagraphspresenttwohornsofadilemma.（C）

（E）Thefirstparagraphdescribesaproblem,theseconditscauses,andthethirdapossiblesolution.

9.Theauthor’sprimaryconcernisto

（A）criticizephysiciansandhealth-careadministratorsforinvestingintechnologicallyadvancedequipment

（B）examinesomeproblemsaffectingdeliveryofhealth-careservicesandassesstheirseverity

（C）defendthemedicalcommunityfromchargesthathealth-carehasnotimprovedsinceWorldWarII

（D）analyzethereasonsforthehealth-careindustry’sinabilitytoprovidequalitycaretoallsegmentsofthepopulation（B）

（E）describethepeculiareconomicfeaturesofthehealth-careindustrythatarethecausesofspiralingmedicalcosts

1.C

2.E

3.B

4.B

5.A

6.E

7.D

8.C

9.B

10.

Behaviorisoneoftwogeneralresponsesavailabletoendothermic（endothermic:

adj.吸热（性）的,[动]温血的）（warm-blooded）speciesfortheregulationofbodytemperature,theotherbeinginnate（reflexive）mechanismsofheatproductionandheatloss.Humanbeingsrelyprimarilyonthefirsttoprovideahospitablethermalmicroclimate（microclimate:

n.[气]小气候（指森林、城市、洞穴等局部地区的气候））forthemselves,inwhichthetransferofheatbetweenthebodyandtheenvironmentisaccomplishedwithminimalinvolvementofinnatemechanismsofheatproductionandloss.Thermoregulatory（thermoregulatory:

adj.体温调节的,保持（一定）体温的）behavioranticipateshyperthermia,andtheorganismadjustsitsbehaviortoavoidbecominghyperthermic:

itremoveslayersofclothing,itgoesforacoolswim,etc.Theorganismcanalsorespondtochangesinthetemperatureofthebodycore,asisthecaseduringexercise;butsuchresponsesresultfromthedirectstimulationofthermoreceptorsdistributedwidelywithinthecentralnervoussystem（centralnervoussystem:

n.中枢神经系统）,andtheabilityofthesemechanismstohelptheorganismadjusttogrosschangesinitsenvironmentislimited.

Untilrecentlyitwasassumedthatorganismsrespondtomicrowaveradiationinthesamewaythattheyrespondtotemperaturechangescausedbyotherformsofradiation.Afterall,theargumentruns,microwavesareradiationandheatbodytissues.Thistheoryignoresthefactthatthestimulustoabehavioralresponseisnormallyatemperaturechangethatoccursatthesurfaceoftheorganism.Thethermoreceptorsthatpromptbehavioralchangesarelocatedwithinthefirstmillimeteroftheskin’ssurface,buttheenergyofamicrowavefield（microwavefield:

超高频场,微波场）maybeselectivelydepositedindeeptissues,effectivelybypassingthesethermoreceptors,particularlyifthefieldisatnear-resonantfrequencies.Theresultingtemperatureprofile（temperatureprofile:

温度曲线图,温度轮廓）maywellbeakindofreversethermalgradientinwhichthedeeptissuesarewarmedmorethanthoseofthesurface.Sincetheheatisnotconductedoutwardtothesurfacetostimulatetheappropriatereceptors,theorganismdoesnot“appreciate”thisstimulationinthesamewaythatit“appreciates”heatingandcoolingoftheskin.Intheory（intheory:

理论上）,theinternalorgansofahumanbeingorananimalcouldbequiteliterallycookedwell-done（well-done:

adj.做得好的,完全煮熟的）beforetheanimalevenrealizesthatthebalanceofitsthermomicroclimatehasbeendisturbed.

Untilafewyearsago,microwaveirradiationsatequivalentplane-wavepowerdensitiesofabout100mW/cm2wereconsideredunequivocallytoproduce“thermal”effects;irradiationswithintherangeof10to100mW/cm2mightormightnotproduce“thermal”effects;whileeffectsobservedatpowerdensitiesbelow10mW/cm2wereassumedtobe“nonthermal”innature.Experimentshaveshownthistobeanoversimplification,andarecentreportsuggeststhatfieldsasweakas1mW/cm2can