高一定语从句 语法归纳及练习.docx
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高一定语从句语法归纳及练习
高一定语从句语法归纳及练习
一、语法知识归纳
一、基本概念
(一)定语从句
在复合句中作定语,修饰名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。
(二)先行词
被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
一般情况下,定语从句紧跟先行词。
但也有因各种原因定语从句与先行词被分割的现象。
(三)关系代词和关系副词
定语从句的引导词。
与先行词关系密切,因此紧跟先行词,并在定语从句中充当一个成分。
关系代词有:
who,whom,which,that和whose,另外,as也可充当关系代词。
关系代词在定语从句中充当主语、宾语、表语和定语。
关系副词有:
when,where和why。
在定语从句中充当状语。
二、关系代词的用法
(一)基本用法
根据先行词的不同,和在从句中所充当的成分不同,选用不同的关系代词。
如下表:
关系词
先行词
从句成分
例句
备注
关系代词
who
人
主语,宾语
Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?
whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用that
whom
人
宾语
Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworking
Theboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar.
whose
人,物
定语
Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.
Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismyclassmate.
that
人,物
主语,宾语
Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.
Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.
which
物
主语,宾语
Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.
Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.
as
人,物
主语,宾语
Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.
ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.
as做宾语一般不省略
例如:
(注意关系代词在定语从句中所充当的成分)
①Doyouknowtheprofessorwho/thatwillgiveusaspeechnextweek?
(作主语)
②Ireadareportabouthisnewnovelthat/whichwillsoonbepublished.(作主语)
③Theplanthat/whichtheyarguedaboutwassettledatlast.(作宾语)
④Thisisthenewsecretary(who/whom/that)Iwouldliketointroducetoyou.(作宾语)
⑤Thesoldierwhoselegswerebadlywoundedwasoperatedonwithoutdelay.(作定语)
注意:
关系代词在定语从句中充当宾语时可以省略,充当主语时则不能。
(见上例③④)
(二)关系代词that代替which的一些情况
which,that在代替物时,一般可以通用。
但在有些情况下,只用that。
1先行词是最高级形容词或它的前面有最高级形容词修饰时。
例如:
①Thisisthebestthathasbeenusedagainstpollution.
②Englishisthemostdifficultsubjectthatyouwilllearnduringtheseyears.
⑵先行词是序数词,或它前面有一个序数词时。
例如:
①Thisisthelastplace(that)Iwanttovisit.
②ItisthefirstAmericanmovieofthiskindthatI’veeverseen.
⑶先行词是all,much,little,something,everything,anything,nothing,none等代词时。
例如:
①Youshouldhandinallthatyouhave.
②Wehaven’tgotmuchthatwecanofferyou.
⑷先行词前面有theonly,thevery,any,few,little,no,all,much,every等修饰时。
例如:
①Theonlythingthatwecandoistogiveyousomemoney.
②Thelittlemoney(that)hehadwasstolen.
(三)宜用who,而不用that的一些情况
⑴先行词是one,ones,anyone时。
例如:
①Onewhohasnothingtofearforoneselfdarestotellthetruth.
②Don’ttellanyoneaboutthenewswhooughtn’ttoknowit.
⑵先行词是those时。
例如:
①Thosewhowerenotfitfortheirworkcouldnotseethebeautifulclothesmadeofthemagiccloth.
(四)其它情况
⑴先行词既有人又有物时。
例如:
①Doyouknowthethingsandpersonsthattheyaretalkingabout?
②Thebikeanditsriderthathadrunoveranoldmanweretakentothepolicestation.
⑵主句已有疑问词who或which时。
例如:
①Whichisthebikethatyoulost?
②Whoisthewomanthatwaspraisedatthemeeting?
(五)与whose有关的问题
⑴whose是代词的所有格,它既可以代人也可以代物。
例如:
①Isawawomanwhosebagwasstolen.
②Pleaseshowmethebookwhosecoverisred.
⑵当whose表示物与物的所有格关系时,亦可用ofwhich的形式。
例如:
①Thebuildingwhoseroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
→Thebuilding,theroofofwhichyoucanseefromhere,isanewrestaurant.或
→Thebuilding,ofwhichtheroofyoucanseefromhereisanewrestaurant.
三、介词前提的问题
关系代词在定语从句中充当介词宾语时,介词可以前提至关系代词前。
例如:
Haveyouseenthepen(which)Iwrotethenotewithjustnow?
(which作介词with的宾语)
→HaveyouseenthepenwithwhichIwrotethenotejustnow?
但是,要注意的是:
⑴介词前提后,先行词是人或物,关系代词分别只能用whom和which,而不再用that或who。
⑵介词前提后,关系代词不再能省略。
⑶有些含有介词的短语动词中的介词不能前提,如:
lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。
例如:
1错误:
Whoistheoldmantothatyouweretalkingto?
正确:
Whoistheoldmantowhomyouweretalking?
或Whoistheoldman(that/whom)youweretalkingto?
2错误:
Thesearethesheepofwhichtheboytookcare.
正确:
Thesearethesheep(which/that)theboytookcareof.
四、关系代词在从句中作主语时,从句中的主谓一致
关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词在人称和数上应与先行词一致。
例如:
1Whoistheguythatisreadingoverthere?
2Thenumberofpeoplethataregoingtotheexhibitionisexpectedtobeover25,000.
3Allthatneedstobedonehasbeendone.
4Heisoneofthestudentswhousecomputeralotforstudy.
5Timmyistheonlyoneofthepupilsthathasfailedtheexam.
例③中的all意为“一切”,作单数。
例⑤中没通过考试的学生事实上只有一人,因此谓语动词也用单数。
that与which,who,whom的用法区别:
情况
用法说明
例句
只用that的情况
1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,等不定代词时。
2.先行词被all,any,every,each,much,little,no,some,few等修饰时
3.先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时
4.先行词既指人又指物时
5.先行词被theonly,thevery修饰时
6.句中已经有who或which时,为了避免重复时
1.Hetoldmeeverythingthatheknows.
2.Allthebooksthatyouofferedhavebeengivenout.
3.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverread.
4.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthingsthatweremembered.
5.HeistheonlymanthatIwanttosee.
6.Whoisthemanthatismakingaspeech?
只用which,who,whom的情况
1.在非限制性定语从句中,只能用which指代物,用who/whom指人
2.在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中,只能用which指物,whom指人。
3.先行词本身是that时,关系词用which,先行词为those,one,he时多用who。
1.Hehasason,whohasgoneabroadforfurtherstudy.
2.Ilikethepersontowhomtheteacheristalking.
3.Thosewhorespectothersareusuallyrespectedbyothers.
(一)限制性定语从句只能用that的几种情况
1、当先行词是anything,everything,nothing(something除外),few,all,none,little,some等代词时,或者是由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much,each等修饰时
(1)Haveyoutakendowneverything(that)Mr.Lihassaid?
(2)Thereseemstobenothing(that)seemsimpossibleforhimintheworld.
(3)Allthatcanbedonehasbeendone.
(4)Thereislittle(that)Icandoforyou.
注意1:
部分时候that可以省略,如部分例句将that用括号括住。
注意2:
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(4)Anymanthat/.whohasasenseofdutywon’tdosuchathing.
2、当先行词被序数词修饰
ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.
3、当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveseen.
4、当形容词被thevery,theonly,thesame,thelast,any,little等修饰时
(1)ThisistheverygooddictionarythatIwanttobuy,
(2)Afterthefireinhishouse,theoldcaristheonlythingthatheowned.
当先行词指人时,偶尔也可以用who
(3)WangHuaistheonlypersoninourschoolwhowillattendthemeeting?
5、当先行词前面有who,which等疑问代词时
(1)Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?
(2)WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?
6、当先行词既有人,也有动物或者物体时
Canyourememberthescientistandhistheorythatwehavelearned?
7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语
Thevillageisnolongertheonethatitusedtobe10yearsago.
8.当在therebe句型中,通常情况下用that,不用which
(二)关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句,有相同之处也有不同之处。
具体情况是:
1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,代表前面整个句子。
(1)Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.
(2)Hewashonest,as/whichwecansee.
2、as引导非限制性定语从句,可放在主句之前,或者主句之后,甚至可以切割一个主句;which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
另外,as有“正如……,正像……”的意思
(1)Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.
(2)Heisfromthesouth,aswecanseefromhisaccent.
(3)John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.
(4)HehasbeentoParismorethanseveraltimes,whichIdon’tbelieve.
注意:
当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时,常用which。
(5)Tomwasalwayslateforschool,whichmadehisteacherangry.
3、当先行词受such,thesame修饰时,常用as
(1)Ihaveneverheardsuchastoryashetells.
(2)Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.
(3)ThisisthesamebookasIlostlastweek.
注意:
当先行词由thesame修饰时,偶尔也用that引导定语从句,但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同
(4)SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary’swedding.
她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的一条裙子。
(5)Sheworethesamedressasheryoungsisterwore.她穿着和她妹妹所穿的一样的裙子。
注意:
定语从句such…as…与结果状语从句such…that…的区别:
as在所引导的定语从句中作主语,宾语;that在结果状语从句中不做成分
(6)HehassuchagoodlaptopasIwanttobuy.
(7)HehassuchagoodlaptopthatIwanttobuyone.
(三)以theway为先行词的定语从句通常由inwhich,that引导,而且通常可以省略。
Thewayinwhich/that/./heansweredthequestionwassurprising.
(四)but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句
Thereareveryfewbutunderstandhisidea。
(but=whodon’t)
(五)区分定语从句和同位语从句
1、定语从句修饰先行词,它和先行词是修饰关系;
同位语从句说明先行词的具体内容,是补充说明的关系
(1)TheplanethathasjusttakenoffisforLondon.定语从句
(2)Thefactthathehasbeendeadisclear.同位语从句
2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导,关系词在句中充当成分,有时可以省略;
同位语从句主要由that引导,在句中一般不做成分;
句子也可以由when,where,how,why,whether,what等词引导,充当成分
(1)Thenewshetoldmeistrue.
(2)Thenewsthathehasjustdiedistrue.
(3)Theproblemthatwearefacingnowishowwecancollectsomuchmoney.定语
(4)Theproblemhowwecancollectsomuchmoneyisdifficulttosolve.
3、同位语从句和先行词一般可以用be动词发展成一个完整的句子,而定语从句不可以发展成一个完整的句子,
(1)Theideathatwecouldasktheteacherforadviceiswonderful.同位语
(2)Theideawasthatwecouldasktheteacherforadvice.
(3)Thefactthatthemoonmovesaroundtheearthisknowntoall.
(4)Thefactisthattheearthmovesaroundtheearth.
[定语从句]介词+关系词
1)介词后面的关系副词不能省略。
2)that前不能有介词。
3)某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when和where互换。
例如:
ThisisthehouseinwhichIlivedtwoyearsago.这是我两年前住过的房子。
ThisisthehousewhereIlivedtwoyearsago.
Doyourememberthedayonwhichyoujoinedourclub?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗?
Doyourememberthedaywhenyoujoinedourclub?
高一定语从句专项练习
(1)
1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.
A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich
2.Doyouknowtheman_______?
A.whomIspokeB.towhospoke
C.IspoketoD.thatIspoke
3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.
A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayed
C.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed
4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?
A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich
5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.
A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when
6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.
A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhic