剑桥初级语法 整理笔记.docx
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剑桥初级语法整理笔记
现在时
3、现在进行时:
Iamdoing
以下动词不可用于现在进行时:
like
love
want
know
understand
remember
depend
prefer
hate
need
mean
believe
forget
4、现在进行时的疑问式:
Areyoudoing?
5、一般现在时:
Ido/work/like等
一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情:
Ilikebigcities.
Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用:
Inevereatbreakfast.
6、一般现在时的否定式:
Idon’t/hedoesn’t+动词原形
Idon’thaveabatheveryday.
【everyday表每天,作状语;everyday表每天的,形容词】
7、一般现在时的疑问式:
Doyou…?
Do/does
主语
动词原形
Do
you
work
onSundays
Do
yourfriends
live
nearhere
Does
Anne
play
tennis
Where
do
Yourfriends
live
Howoften
do
you
wash
yourhair
What
does
Thisword
mean
Howmuch
does
it
cost
toflytoRome
*Whatdoyoudo?
表示“你是做什么工作的?
”
8、have/havegot
(1)
have=havegot
has=hasgot
Don’thave=haven’tgot
Doesn’thave=hasn’tgot
Doyouhave=haveyougot
Doeshehave=hashegot
(2)have表“吃、喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替
have
havebreakfast/lunch/dinner
haveameal/apizza/asandwich
haveacupofcoffee
havesthtoeat/drink
(3)下列短语中,要用have
have
haveabath/ashower
havearest/aholiday/aparty
haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun
haveawalk/aswim/agame
haveadream/anaccident
haveababy
havealook
15、现在完成时
(1)havedone
(2)just/already/yet
Just表“刚才”:
we’vejustarrived.
Already表“已经”(在预料之前):
they’vealreadyarrived.(=beforeyouexpected)
Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):
theyhaven’tarrivedyet.
(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:
Haveyoueverplayedgolf?
(4)gone表“去而未归”:
shehasgonetoChina.
Been表“去而已归”:
hehasbeentoChina.
(5)Howlonghaveyou…?
ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.
一般现在时
现在完成时
DanandKatearemarried.
Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.
Areyoumarried?
Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?
现在进行时
现在完成进行时
I’mlearningEnglish.
HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?
25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow?
Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”
Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区别)
注意:
用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:
Thetrainarrivesat7.30.
27、will/shall
(1)Ishall=Iwill、weshall=wewill:
Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.
在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:
Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)
(2)I’ll…表“提议或决定做某事”:
I’llphoneyoutomorrow.
IthinkI’ll/Idon’tthinkI’ll…表“决定做某事”:
IthinkI’llgotobedearlytonight.
(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…?
表“你认为…好吗?
”
28、might=may
29、can/could:
could为过去式
30、must/mustn’t/don’tneedto
(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:
Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.
(2)don’tneedto=don’thaveto
31、should
(1)Ithink…should/Idon’tthink….should/doyouthink…should?
(2)oughtto=should
32、Ihaveto
(1)表过去时,用hadto
(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以
不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:
Eg:
Youcan’tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.(非个人看法)
It’safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit./Youhavetoseeit.
33、Iusedto/Ididn’tusedto/didyouuseto…?
38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen
一般过去时
现在完成时
Therewasanaccidentlastnight.
Look!
There’sbeenanaccident.
Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,therewasalongqueueoutside.
Thisroadisverydangerous.Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.
Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank?
There’sbeen/therewasarobbery.
41、反义疑问句
Haveyou?
/areyou?
/don’tyou?
表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”:
——I’veboughtanewcar.
——Oh,haveyou?
记住:
前否后肯,前肯后否
It’saniceday,isn’tit?
Thatisn’tyourcar,isit?
42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI
(1)
句尾
too(肯定)
I’mhappytoo.
either(否定)
I’mnothappyeither.
I’mhappy.
SoamI
(sowashe/sodoI/sowouldI)
I’mnot
I’mnothappy
NeitheramI
(可用nor代替neither)
Iam
(2)both+复数名词
either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数
both
(of)
the…
either
neither
of
these/those…
my/your/Paul’s…
44、疑问句
(1)isit…?
/haveyou…?
/dothey…?
whyisn’t…?
/whydon’t…?
(2)whosawyou?
/whodidyousee?
(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子,介词位于句尾:
whereareyoufrom?
(4)what’sitlike?
/whataretheylike?
表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等
(5)疑问词
what
What+名词
Whattime…/whatsize
不加名词
What’syourname?
which
Which+名词(物/人)
Whichtraindidyoucatch?
不加名词时,不指代人
Whichisbiggest?
how
How+形容词/副词
Howtallareyou?
Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…
What(范围更广)
Which(选择较少)
What’sthecapitalofArgentina?
Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow?
52、不定式与-ing形式
动词+不定式
want
plan
decide
try
+to…(towork/todo/tobe)
hope
expect
offer
forget
need
promise
refuse
learn
动词+-ing
enjoy
stop
suggest
+-ing(doing/working)
mind
finish
动词+-ing或不定式
like
love
start
continue
+-ing/to…
prefer
hate
begin
55、
goto
gotowork
gotoschool
gotouniversity
gotohospital
gotoprison
gotobed
gotosleep
gotochurch
gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport
gohome
gotothedoctor/dentist
(be)atwork
(be)atschool
(be)atuniversity
(be)inhospital
(be)inprison
(be)inbed
(be)in/atchurch
(be)athome
goon
goonholiday
goonatrip
goonatour
goonanexcursion
goonacruise
goonastrike
gofor
goforawalk
goforarun
goforaswim
goforadrink
goformeal
go(going/went/gone)
shopping
swimming
fishing
sailing
skiing
jogging
56、
get+名词(收到/买到/找到某物)
getajob/getaletter
get+交通工具
getabus
getatrain
getataxi
get+形容词(变得..)
gethungry
getcold
gettired
getto+地点(到达)
gettowork
gettoNY
(gethere/gethome)
get的短语
getinacar
getoutofacar
getonabus
getoffabus
getmarried(结婚)
getdressed(穿衣)
getlost(迷路)
57、do与make
do
doanexam
doatest
doacourse
dohomework
dohousework
dosomebodyafavour
doanexercise
dotheshopping
dothewashing洗衣服
dothewashing-up洗碗
dotheironing熨烫
dothecooking
make
makeamistake
makeanappointment
makeaphonecall
makealist
makeanoise
makeabed
makeafilm拍电影
takeaphotograph拍照
66、名词
在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:
scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice
以下名词通常不可数
advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork
abottleofwater
acartonofmilk
abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates
apieceofcheese
abottleofperfume
apieceofmusic
abowlofrice
acupofcoffee
agameoftennis
73、the的用法
thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathecountry
thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy
thetoptheendthemiddletheleft
thepianotheguitarthetrumpet
theradio
theInternet
注意:
1.television/TV不用the:
IwatchTValot.但是canyouturnofftheTV(=theTVset)
2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the
3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不加the
4.球类名词前不加the
5.学科名词前不加the
the…(地名)
1.地域名称前一般不用the
France/Japan/Peru
2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用
theAlps/thePhilippines/theNetherlands/theCanaryIslands
3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the
theAtlantic/theAmazon/theNile/theBlacksea
4.街道、广场等名称前不用the
livesinNewtonStreet/HighfieldRoad/TimesSquare
5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the
KennedyAirport/LondonZoo/VictoriaStation
6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the
theRegentHotel/theNationalTheatre/theScienceMuseum
7.表方位时用the
thenorth/south/east/westof…
77、not+any/no/more
(1)not+any=no….=nota
(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后
(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no
(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用
None表示“无”;no-one表示“没人
nobody=not+anybody
no-one=not+anyone
nothing=not+anything
80、every/all
(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数
(2)everywhere是副词
all
most
some
any
no
+
cities
children
books
money
all
(of)
the…
this/that…
these/those…
my/your…
most
some
any
none
of
83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few
(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词
(2)much+不可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词
(3)many+复数
(4)
alittle+不可数表“有一点但不多”
afew+复数表“有一点但是不多”
little+不可数表“几乎没有”
few+复数表“几乎没有”
88、abitolder/mucholder
Abitolderthan….
Abitmoredifficultthan…
Muchbetterthan…
Muchmoreexpensivethan…
89、notas…as
Notasmuchas….
Notasmanyas…
Thesameas….
90、theoldest/themostexpensive
可用最高级+I’veever…./you’veever….等:
Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit’stheworstfilmI’veeverseen.
Whatisthemostunusualthingyou’veeverdone?
91、enough/too
enoughforsb/sth
enoughtodosth
enoughforsb/sthtodosth
too…forsb/sth
too…todosth
too…forsbtodosth
93、词序
(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:
wewenttoapartylastnight.
(2)always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:
alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall
usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststillboth
e.g.Ialwaysdrinkcoffeeinthemorning.
Iamalwaystired.
Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.
96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get
givesthtosb
givesbsth
注意:
当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:
Igaveittomyfather.
98、when
(1)当以when开头时,两部分用逗号隔开:
WhenIwentout,itwasraining.
(2)一般现在时用于when之后表示将来:
LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.
WhenIgethomethisevening,I’mgoingtohaveashower.
(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:
Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.
I’llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.
99、if
(1)if之后常用一般现在时:
IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme?
Whatshallwedoifitrains?
(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithad……I/you/hewould….
ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)
If
I
you
it
they
…
had/knew/lived/went…
didn’thave/didn’tknow…
were…
could…
I
you
it
they
…
would(n’t)
could(n’t)
buy…
be…
have…
go….
在这种句子里,句意表示事实上这个假设不成立:
IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldbuyafastcar.事实上我没有钱买车。
Iwouldn’tgooutifIwereyou.事实上我不是你。
(3)比较
ifIhave/ifitis
·ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoday.(=maybeI’llhavetime,somaybeI’llgo)
·I’llhelpyouifIcan.(=maybeIcanhelpyou)
ifIhad/ifitwas
·ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotoday.(=Idon’thavetimetoday,soIwillnotgo)
·I’dhelpyouifIcould,butIcan’t.
103、at/on/in
(1)
at(时