剑桥初级语法 整理笔记.docx

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剑桥初级语法 整理笔记.docx

剑桥初级语法整理笔记

现在时

3、现在进行时:

Iamdoing

以下动词不可用于现在进行时:

like

love

want

know

understand

remember

depend

prefer

hate

need

mean

believe

forget

4、现在进行时的疑问式:

Areyoudoing?

5、一般现在时:

Ido/work/like等

一般现在时用来表示一般性的事实、有时或经常发生的事情:

Ilikebigcities.

Always/never/often/usually/sometimes常与一般现在时连用:

Inevereatbreakfast.

6、一般现在时的否定式:

Idon’t/hedoesn’t+动词原形

Idon’thaveabatheveryday.

【everyday表每天,作状语;everyday表每天的,形容词】

7、一般现在时的疑问式:

Doyou…?

Do/does

主语

动词原形

Do

you

work

onSundays

Do

yourfriends

live

nearhere

Does

Anne

play

tennis

Where

do

Yourfriends

live

Howoften

do

you

wash

yourhair

What

does

Thisword

mean

Howmuch

does

it

cost

toflytoRome

*Whatdoyoudo?

表示“你是做什么工作的?

8、have/havegot

(1)

have=havegot

has=hasgot

Don’thave=haven’tgot

Doesn’thave=hasn’tgot

Doyouhave=haveyougot

Doeshehave=hashegot

(2)have表“吃、喝、拿”时,不能用havegot代替

have

havebreakfast/lunch/dinner

haveameal/apizza/asandwich

haveacupofcoffee

havesthtoeat/drink

(3)下列短语中,要用have

have

haveabath/ashower

havearest/aholiday/aparty

haveanicetime/agoodtrip/fun

haveawalk/aswim/agame

haveadream/anaccident

haveababy

havealook

15、现在完成时

(1)havedone

(2)just/already/yet

Just表“刚才”:

we’vejustarrived.

Already表“已经”(在预料之前):

they’vealreadyarrived.(=beforeyouexpected)

Yet表“直到现在”(用于否定句和疑问句中):

theyhaven’tarrivedyet.

(3)现在完成时与ever(用于疑问句中)/never连用:

Haveyoueverplayedgolf?

(4)gone表“去而未归”:

shehasgonetoChina.

Been表“去而已归”:

hehasbeentoChina.

(5)Howlonghaveyou…?

ShehasbeeninIrelandsinceMonday/forthreedays.

一般现在时

现在完成时

DanandKatearemarried.

Theyhavebeenmarriedforfouryears.

Areyoumarried?

Howlonghaveyoubeenmarried?

现在进行时

现在完成进行时

I’mlearningEnglish.

HowlonghaveyoubeenlearningEnglish?

25、whatareyoudoingtomorrow?

Iamdoingsomethingtomorrow表示“我已经安排好明天要做某事/我计划明天做某事”

Iamgoingtodosomething.同上(begoingto与will的区别)

注意:

用一般现在时表示时间表、节目单、火车与公共汽车时刻表等:

Thetrainarrivesat7.30.

27、will/shall

(1)Ishall=Iwill、weshall=wewill:

Ishallbelatetomorrow.=Iwillbelatetomorrow.

在构成将来时的时候,不可将shall与you/they/it/he/she等非第一人称连用:

Tomwillbelate.(而不能Tomshallbelate.)

(2)I’ll…表“提议或决定做某事”:

I’llphoneyoutomorrow.

IthinkI’ll/Idon’tthinkI’ll…表“决定做某事”:

IthinkI’llgotobedearlytonight.

(3)ShallI…/Shallwe…?

表“你认为…好吗?

28、might=may

29、can/could:

could为过去式

30、must/mustn’t/don’tneedto

(1)表示过去时,用hadto而不用must:

Wehadtowalkhomelastnight.

(2)don’tneedto=don’thaveto

31、should

(1)Ithink…should/Idon’tthink….should/doyouthink…should?

(2)oughtto=should

32、Ihaveto

(1)表过去时,用hadto

(2)表示认为有必要做某事或提出个人看法时,must或haveto都可以

不是表个人看法时,只能用haveto:

Eg:

Youcan’tparkyourcarherefornothing.Youhavetopay.(非个人看法)

It’safantasticfilm.Youmustseeit./Youhavetoseeit.

33、Iusedto/Ididn’tusedto/didyouuseto…?

38、therehasbeen/therehavebeen

一般过去时

现在完成时

Therewasanaccidentlastnight.

Look!

There’sbeenanaccident.

Whenwearrivedatthetheatre,therewasalongqueueoutside.

Thisroadisverydangerous.Therehavebeenmanyaccidents.

Whyarethosepolicemenoutsidethebank?

There’sbeen/therewasarobbery.

41、反义疑问句

Haveyou?

/areyou?

/don’tyou?

表“对某事感兴趣或感到惊奇”:

——I’veboughtanewcar.

——Oh,haveyou?

记住:

前否后肯,前肯后否

It’saniceday,isn’tit?

Thatisn’tyourcar,isit?

42、too/eithersoamI/neitherdoI

(1)

句尾

too(肯定)

I’mhappytoo.

either(否定)

I’mnothappyeither.

I’mhappy.

SoamI

(sowashe/sodoI/sowouldI)

I’mnot

I’mnothappy

NeitheramI

(可用nor代替neither)

Iam

(2)both+复数名词

either/neither单数名词,谓语动词用单数

both

(of)

the…

either

neither

of

these/those…

my/your/Paul’s…

44、疑问句

(1)isit…?

/haveyou…?

/dothey…?

whyisn’t…?

/whydon’t…?

(2)whosawyou?

/whodidyousee?

(3)以特殊疑问词开头的句子,介词位于句尾:

whereareyoufrom?

(4)what’sitlike?

/whataretheylike?

表询问某事物的情况——新旧、好坏、大小等

(5)疑问词

what

What+名词

Whattime…/whatsize

不加名词

What’syourname?

which

Which+名词(物/人)

Whichtraindidyoucatch?

不加名词时,不指代人

Whichisbiggest?

how

How+形容词/副词

Howtallareyou?

Howdeep/howheavy/howhigh/howbig…

What(范围更广)

Which(选择较少)

What’sthecapitalofArgentina?

Whichcolourdoyouprefer,pinkoryellow?

52、不定式与-ing形式

动词+不定式

want

plan

decide

try

+to…(towork/todo/tobe)

hope

expect

offer

forget

need

promise

refuse

learn

动词+-ing

enjoy

stop

suggest

+-ing(doing/working)

mind

finish

动词+-ing或不定式

like

love

start

continue

+-ing/to…

prefer

hate

begin

55、

goto

gotowork

gotoschool

gotouniversity

gotohospital

gotoprison

gotobed

gotosleep

gotochurch

gotothebank/thetheatre/theairport

gohome

gotothedoctor/dentist

(be)atwork

(be)atschool

(be)atuniversity

(be)inhospital

(be)inprison

(be)inbed

(be)in/atchurch

(be)athome

goon

goonholiday

goonatrip

goonatour

goonanexcursion

goonacruise

goonastrike

gofor

goforawalk

goforarun

goforaswim

goforadrink

goformeal

go(going/went/gone)

shopping

swimming

fishing

sailing

skiing

jogging

56、

get+名词(收到/买到/找到某物)

getajob/getaletter

get+交通工具

getabus

getatrain

getataxi

get+形容词(变得..)

gethungry

getcold

gettired

getto+地点(到达)

gettowork

gettoNY

(gethere/gethome)

get的短语

getinacar

getoutofacar

getonabus

getoffabus

getmarried(结婚)

getdressed(穿衣)

getlost(迷路)

57、do与make

do

doanexam

doatest

doacourse

dohomework

dohousework

dosomebodyafavour

doanexercise

dotheshopping

dothewashing洗衣服

dothewashing-up洗碗

dotheironing熨烫

dothecooking

make

makeamistake

makeanappointment

makeaphonecall

makealist

makeanoise

makeabed

makeafilm拍电影

takeaphotograph拍照

66、名词

在英语中,下列词语以复数出现:

scissorsglassestrousersjeansshortstightspyjamaspeoplepolice

以下名词通常不可数

advicebreadfurniturehairinformationnewsweatherwork

abottleofwater

acartonofmilk

abarofchocolate/aboxofchocolates

apieceofcheese

abottleofperfume

apieceofmusic

abowlofrice

acupofcoffee

agameoftennis

73、the的用法

thesunthemoontheworldtheskytheseathecountry

thepolicethefirebrigadethearmy

thetoptheendthemiddletheleft

thepianotheguitarthetrumpet

theradio

theInternet

注意:

1.television/TV不用the:

IwatchTValot.但是canyouturnofftheTV(=theTVset)

2.breakfast/lunch/dinner等不加the

3.next/last+week/month/year/summer等不加the

4.球类名词前不加the

5.学科名词前不加the

the…(地名)

1.地域名称前一般不用the

France/Japan/Peru

2.与国家、岛屿、山脉等名称的复数形式连用

theAlps/thePhilippines/theNetherlands/theCanaryIslands

3.洋、海、江、河的名称前用the

theAtlantic/theAmazon/theNile/theBlacksea

4.街道、广场等名称前不用the

livesinNewtonStreet/HighfieldRoad/TimesSquare

5.机场、车站、大学、城堡等重要建筑物不用the

KennedyAirport/LondonZoo/VictoriaStation

6.宾馆、影院、剧院、博物馆的名称前要用the

theRegentHotel/theNationalTheatre/theScienceMuseum

7.表方位时用the

thenorth/south/east/westof…

77、not+any/no/more

(1)not+any=no….=nota

(2)no…通常用于have(got)与thereis/are之后

(3)动词否定形式+any=动词肯定形式+no

(4)no之后接名词、none可单独使用

None表示“无”;no-one表示“没人

nobody=not+anybody

no-one=not+anyone

nothing=not+anything

80、every/all

(1)every+单数名词,谓语动词用单数

(2)everywhere是副词

all

most

some

any

no

+

cities

children

books

money

all

(of)

the…

this/that…

these/those…

my/your…

most

some

any

none

of

83、alot/much/many/(a)little/(a)few

(1)alotof+可数/不可数,也可不跟名词

(2)much+不可数,用于否定句与疑问句,也可不跟名词

(3)many+复数

(4)

alittle+不可数表“有一点但不多”

afew+复数表“有一点但是不多”

little+不可数表“几乎没有”

few+复数表“几乎没有”

88、abitolder/mucholder

Abitolderthan….

Abitmoredifficultthan…

Muchbetterthan…

Muchmoreexpensivethan…

89、notas…as

Notasmuchas….

Notasmanyas…

Thesameas….

90、theoldest/themostexpensive

可用最高级+I’veever…./you’veever….等:

Thefilmwasverybad.Ithinkit’stheworstfilmI’veeverseen.

Whatisthemostunusualthingyou’veeverdone?

91、enough/too

enoughforsb/sth

enoughtodosth

enoughforsb/sthtodosth

too…forsb/sth

too…todosth

too…forsbtodosth

93、词序

(1)地点状语位于时间状语之前:

wewenttoapartylastnight.

(2)always/never/often等词用于动词之前,be动词之后,两个动词之间:

alwaysofteneverrarelyalsoalreadyall

usuallysometimesneverseldomjuststillboth

 

e.g.Ialwaysdrinkcoffeeinthemorning.

Iamalwaystired.

Iwillalwaysrememberyou./Icanneverfindmykeys.

96、give/lend/pass/send/show/buy/get

givesthtosb

givesbsth

注意:

当某物为代词it或them时,用第一种结构比较好:

Igaveittomyfather.

98、when

(1)当以when开头时,两部分用逗号隔开:

WhenIwentout,itwasraining.

(2)一般现在时用于when之后表示将来:

LisawillbeinMexicowhenSarahisinNewYork.

WhenIgethomethisevening,I’mgoingtohaveashower.

(3)before/while/after/until的用法类似:

Pleaseclosethewindowbeforeyougoout.

I’llwaithereuntilyoucomeback.

99、if

(1)if之后常用一般现在时:

IfyouseeAnntomorrow,canyouaskhertocallme?

Whatshallwedoifitrains?

(2)ifI/you/he/she/they/ithad……I/you/hewould….

ifI/it/he/shewas…或ifI/it/he/shewere….(这里的动词都是过去式)

If

I

you

it

they

had/knew/lived/went…

didn’thave/didn’tknow…

were…

could…

I

you

it

they

would(n’t)

could(n’t)

buy…

be…

have…

go….

在这种句子里,句意表示事实上这个假设不成立:

IfIhadthemoney,Iwouldbuyafastcar.事实上我没有钱买车。

Iwouldn’tgooutifIwereyou.事实上我不是你。

(3)比较

ifIhave/ifitis

·ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhavetime,Iwillgotoday.(=maybeI’llhavetime,somaybeI’llgo)

·I’llhelpyouifIcan.(=maybeIcanhelpyou)

ifIhad/ifitwas

·ImustgoandseeHelen.IfIhadtime,Iwouldgotoday.(=Idon’thavetimetoday,soIwillnotgo)

·I’dhelpyouifIcould,butIcan’t.

103、at/on/in

(1)

at(时

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