英语教学法复习题English Teaching Methodology.docx

英语教学法复习题English Teaching Methodology.docx

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英语教学法复习题EnglishTeachingMethodology

EnglishTeachingMethodology

PartIDefinitions

（1）Denotativemeaning（指示意义/外延意义）;

Theprimary,literalmeaningofaword,whichisusedtolabelrealobjects.

（2）Connotativemeaning（内涵意义/隐含意义）；

Theassociationsthatareconnectedtoacertainwordortheemotionalsuggestionsrelatedtothatword

（3）implicitlearning;

-learningwithoutconsciousattentionorawareness

-Implicitlearningisapassiveprocess,wherestudentsareexposedtoinformation,andacquireknowledgeofthatinformationsimplythroughthatexposure

Example:

learningnewwordsbymeetingthemrepeatedly

（4）explicitlearning;

learningwithconsciousawarenessandintention

-Explicitlearningisanactiveprocesswherestudentsseekoutthestructureofinformationthatispresentedtothem.

Example:

learningnewwordsbymemorizing,imagining,comparing,etc.

（5）synonym（同义词）;

Itemsthatmeanthesame,ornearlythesame

（6）Spontaneityforspeaking（自发性）;

Inmostsituations,peopledonotplanaheadoftimewhattheyaregoingtosay.Thefactthatspeechisspontaneousmeansthatitisfulloffalsestarts,repetitions,incompletesentences,andshortphrases.

（7）assessment（评估）;

Thecollectingofinformationofalearner’slearningprogressandachievementoveraperiodoftimeforthepurposeofimprovingteachingandlearning.Notbasedononetestoronetask,noronamarkorgrade.

（8）evaluation;

Thesystematicgatheringofinformationforthepurposeofmakingdecisions（Weiss,1972）.

（9）validity（有效正确）;

Theextenttowhichinferencesmadefromassessmentresultsareappropriate,meaningful,andusefulintermsofthepurposeoftheassessment.Atestmeasureswhatitissupposedtomeasure.

（10）reliability;

Theextenttowhichtheresultscanbeconsideredconsistent（一致的）orstable.

Atestisreliableifitgivesthesameresultswhenitisgivenondifferentoccasionsorwhenitisusedbydifferentpeople.

（12）Washback（反驳作用）;

Theeffectthattestshaveonlearningandteaching.Itcanbebeneficial（positive）ordetrimental（negative）.

（13）Portfolios（学习档案袋）;

Apurposefulcollectionofstudents’workthatdemonstratestostudentsandotherstheirefforts,progress,andachievementsingivenareasoveraperiodoftime（Genesee&Upshur,1996）.

（14）linguisticcompetence（语言能力）.

Linguisticcompetenceisthesystemoflinguisticknowledgepossessedbynativespeakersofalanguage.Itisincontrasttotheconceptoflinguisticperformance,thewaythelanguagesystemisusedincommunication.

PartIIShort-answerquestionsandDiscussions.

1.GivethedifferencesbetweenBritishEnglishandAmericanEnglish.

AmericanEnglishisevolvedfromBritishEnglish.Butthedifferencesbetweenthemarenoticeable.

Thedifferencesbetweenthem:

①.Vocabulary

a.PastSimple/PastParticiples

b.Prepositions

②Pronunciation

（1）[æ]—[ɑ:

]:

（2）[ɑ:

]—[ɔ]:

（3） [il]-[l]

（4）[u:

]—[ju:

]:

（5）[i:

]—[ai]:

（6）thesameword

③.Spelling（suffix）拼写（后缀）

④.Grammar语法

（1）Useofpresentperfecttenseandsimplepasttense.现在完成式和一般过去式

（2）Verbagreementandcollectivenouns主谓一致和集合名词

（3）Pasttenseforms.过去时态的形式

Firstofall,thedifferenceisvocabulary.Thefollowingverbshavetwoacceptableformsofthepastsimple/pastparticipleinbothAmericanandBritishEnglish,however,theirregularformisgenerallymorecommoninBritishEnglish（thefirstformofthetwo）andtheregularformismorecommontoAmericanEnglish.

（1）PastSimple/PastParticiples

⏹DreamdreamtORdreamed

⏹LeanleantORleaned

⏹LearnlearntORlearned

⏹SmellsmeltORsmelled

⏹SpellspeltORspelled

⏹SpillspiltORspilled

⏹BurnBurntORburned

（2）Prepositions

⏹AmericanEnglish-ontheweekend

BritishEnglish-attheweekend

⏹AmericanEnglish-onateam

BritishEnglish-inateam

⏹AmericanEnglish-pleasewritemesoon

BritishEnglish-pleasewritetomesoon

Secondary,thedifferenceispronunciation.Sometimesweusuallysoftenordon’treadthevowel（especiallythe[ə]or[i]）intheunstressedsyllableoutinBritishEnglish,whileweshouldreadallvowelsoutintheAmericanEnglish.SoAmericansspeakmoreslowlyandclearlythantheBritishpeople.DifferencesinpronunciationbetweenAmericanEnglish（AmE）andBritishEnglish（BrE）canbedividedinto:

⏹Differencesinaccent（i.e.phonemeinventoryandrealisation）.SeedifferencesbetweenGeneralAmericanandReceivedPronunciationforthestandardaccentsintheUnitedStatesandBritain;forinformationaboutotheraccentsseeregionalaccentsofEnglishspeakers.

⏹Differencesinthepronunciationofindividualwordsinthelexicon（i.e.phonemedistribution）.Inthisarticle,transcriptionsuseReceivedPronunciation（RP）torepresentBrEandGeneralAmerican（GAm）andtorepresentAmE.

（1）[æ]—[ɑ:

]:

  Whentheletter“a”comesbefore-s,-f,-th,-lf,-ph,-n,etc.wepronounce[æ]inAm.E,while[ɑ:

]inBr.E. 本论文由英语论文网提供整理，提供论文代写，英语论文代写，代写论文，代写英语论文，代写留学生论文，代写英文论文，留学生论文代写相关核心关键词搜索。

（2）[ɑ:

]—[ɔ]:

Whenthevowelletter“o”comesafterastressedclosedsyllableinaplosive,weusuallypronounceit[ɔ]inthestandardBr.E,while[ɑ:

]inAr.E.

（3） Wepronounce[il]or[l]inAr.Ewhile[ail]inBr.Ewhenthewordsendwith–ile.

（4）[u:

]—[ju:

]:

Americanspronounce[u:

]whileBritishpeople[ju:

]when“u”and“new”comeafter  n-,d-,t-etc.

（5）[i:

]—[ai]:

Wepronouncethemonogram“ei”[i:

]inAm.Ewhile[ai:

]inBr.E.

（6）Eventhoughthesameword,therearesomepronunciationdifferencesinAm.EandBr.E.

Thirdly,thedifferenceisspelling.IntheUnitedStates’developmentoflanguage,spellinghaveoccurredinasimilarmovementofoursimplifiedcharacters（ThesimplifiedSpellingMovement）,deletethewordspellinginsomeofthelettersarenotpronounced.

（1）Theaphonicsuffixsuchas-me,-ueintheEnglishwordsaredeletedintheAmericanspelling.

⏹Kilogrammekilogram

⏹programmeprogram

⏹cataloguecatalog

⏹dialoguedialog

⏹prologueprolog

（2）Thereare“our”attheendofthewordsandtheaphonicletter“u”isdeletedintheAmericanspelling.

⏹Behaviourbehavior

⏹colourcolor

⏹honourhonor

⏹labourlabor

（3）Thesuffix“re”whichisread[ə]become“er”.

⏹centrecenter

⏹fibrefiber

⏹metremeter

⏹theatretheater

（4）Thesuffix“ence”whichisread[ns]become“ense”.

⏹defencedefense

⏹offenceoffense

⏹licencelicense

⏹pretencepretense

（5）Thesuffix“ise”becomes”ize”.

⏹criticisecriticize

⏹organizeorganize

⏹realiserealize

⏹recogniserecognize

⏹standardisestandardize

（6）Double“L”intheBritishEnglishwordsbecomes“L”intheAmericanEnglishwords

⏹councilorcouncilor

⏹counsellorcounselor

⏹jewellerjeweler

⏹marvellousmarvelous

⏹parcelledparceled

⏹travellingtraveling

（7）Someoneelse.

⏹Chequecheck

⏹Gaoljail

⏹kerbcurb

⏹moustachemustache

⏹ploughplow

⏹pyjamaspajamas

⏹skepticalskeptical

⏹ erarerrubber

Fourthly,thedifferenceisgrammar.

（1）Useofpresentperfecttenseandsimplepasttense.

SpeakersofAmericanEnglishgenerallyusethepresentperfecttense（have/has+pastparticiple）farlessthanspeakersofBritishEnglish.InspokenAmericanEnglishitisverycommontousethesimplepasttenseasanalternativeinsituationswherethepresentperfectwouldusuallyhavebeenusedinBritishEnglish.

（2）Verbagreementwithcollectivenouns.InBritishEnglishcollectivenouns,（i.e.nounsreferringtoparticulargroupsofpeopleorthings）,（e.g.staff,government,class,team）canbefollowedbyasingularorpluralverbdependingonwhetherthegroupisthoughtofasoneidea,orasmanyindividuals,e.g.:

Myteamiswinning.Theotherteamisallsittingdown.

 InAmericanEnglishcollectivenounsarealwaysfollowedbyasingularverb,soanAmericanwouldusuallysay:

Whichteamislosing?

 WhereasinBritishEnglishbothpluralandsingularformsoftheverbarepossible,asin:

Whichteamis/arelosing?

（3）Pasttenseforms.

BelowisatableshowingverbswhichhavedifferentsimplepastandpastparticipleformsinAmericanandBritishEnglish.   Notethattheirregularpastformsburnt,dreamtandspoiltarepossibleinAmericanEnglish,butlesscommonthantheformsendingin-ed.

infinitive simplepast（Br） simplepast（Am） pastparticiple（Br） pastparticiple（Am）

burn  burned/burnt burned/burnt burned/burnt burned/burnt

bust  bust busted bust busted

dive   dived dove/dived dived dived

dream dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt dreamed/dreamt

get got got got gotten

lean leaned/leant leaned leaned/leant leaned

learn learned/learnt learned learned/learnt learned

plead pleaded pleaded/pled pleaded pleaded/pled

prove    proved proved proved proved/proven

saw sawed sawed sawn sawn/sawed

smell    smelled/smelt smelled smelled/smelt smelled

2.ThecharacteristicsofAmericanEnglish

（1）ReservationoftheancientEnglishfeatures

Itretainsandrevivesmanyofthewordsinthathavealreadybecome"obsolete"inBritishEnglish,suchas

“Iguess“，“Ithink”，“Isuppose”，“Ibelieve”.Also，theAmericanEnglishhasreservdmanyvivid,imaginativeancientwords,suchas:

“fall”,meaning"autumn",derivingfrom“thefallofleaves（deciduousseason）”.

Inaddition,comparedwithLondonaccent,AmericanEnglishpronunciationisalittleold-fashionedwithsometypicalfeaturesoftheBritishEnglishinthe17thand18thcentury.Forexample,theretentionofretroflexR.

（2）Richcreativity

Createsomenewwordsthatdonotexistatall.

Instances:

pizzazz（时髦派头的人）;blackhole（黑洞）;spacewalk（太空行走）;

Basedontheoldwords,itcreatenewwordsbyfreeuseofaffixes,orblending（andinversemethod