矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状.docx

矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状.docx

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矿井通风毕业设计外文翻译全球煤矿瓦斯涌出及利用现状

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英文翻译（原文）

Statusofworldwidecoalminemethaneemissionsanduse

Abstract:

Undergroundcoalminesworldwideliberateanestimated29–41×109m3ofmethaneannually,ofwhichlessthan2.3×109m3areusedasfuel.Theremainingmethaneisemittedtotheatmosphere,representingthelossofavaluableenergyresource.Methaneisalsoamajorgreenhousegasandisthusdetrimentaltotheenvironmentwhenventedtotheatmosphere.Coalminemethanerecoveryanduserepresentsacost-effectivemeansofsignificantlyreducingmethaneemissionsfromcoalmining,whileincreasingminesafetyandimprovingmineeconomics.

Theworld’stenlargestcoalproducersareresponsiblefor90%ofglobalmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycle.Chinaisthelargestemitterofcoalminemethane,followedbytheCommonwealthofIndependentStates,orCISparticularlyRussia,UkraineandKazakhstan,theUnitedStates,Poland,Germany,SouthAfrica,theUnitedKingdom,Australia,IndiaandtheCzechRepublic.Mostofthesecountriesuseaportionofthemethanethatisliberatedfromtheircoalmines,buttheutilizationratetendstobelowandsomecountriesusenoneatall.Coalminemethaneiscurrentlyusedforavarietyofpurposes.Methaneisusedforheatingandcookingatmanyminefacilitiesandnearbyresidences.Itisalsousedtofuelboilers,togenerateelectricity,directlyheatairformineventilationsystemsandforcoaldrying.SeveralminesintheUnitedStatessellhigh-qualityminegastonaturalgasdistributors.Thereareseveralbarrierstodecreasingmethaneemissionsbyincreasingcoalminemethaneuse.Manyofthesamebarriersarecommontoanumberofthesubjectcountries.Technicalbarriersincludelow-permeabilitycoals;variableorlowgasquality,variationsingassupplyandemandandlackofinfrastructure.

Economicandinstitutionalbarriersincludelackofinformationpertinenttodevelopmentoftheresource,lackofcapitalandlownaturalgasprices.Apossibleoptionforencouragingcoalminemethanerecoveryandusewouldbeinternationaladoptionofatraceablepermitsystemformethaneemissions.

Keywords:

coalbedmethane;globalwarming;coalmining;naturalgas

1Introduction

Inrecentyears,coalbedmethanehasgainedattentionasasaleablenaturalgasresource.Methanecanbeextractedeitherfromcoalseamswhichwillneverundergomining,oritcanbeproducedasapartofthecoalminingprocess.Thispaperfocusesonmethanewhichisproducedinconjunctionwithcoalminingoperations（coalminemethane）.AccordingtotheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency（USEPA,1994a）,undergroundcoalminesliberateanestimated29to41×109m3ofmethaneannually,ofwhichlessthan2.3×109m3areusedasfuel.Theremainingmethaneisventedtotheatmosphere,representingthelossofavaluableenergyresource.Thispaperexaminesthepotentialforrecoveringandusingthemethanewhichiscurrentlybeingemittedfromcoalmines.

Therearethreeprimaryreasonsforrecoveringcoalminemethane.Thefirstreasonistoincreaseminesafety.Worldwide,therehavebeenthousandsofrecordedfatalitiesfromundergroundmineexplosionsinwhichmethanewasacontributingfactor.Usingmethanedrainagesystems,minescanreducethemethaneconcentrationintheirventilationair,ultimatelyreducingventilationrequirements.

Thesecondreasonistoimprovemineeconomics.Byreducingemissionsandpreventingexplosionsandoutbursts,methanedrainagesystemscancosteffectivelyreducetheamountoftimethatthecoalminemustcurtailproduction.Moreover,recoveredmethanecanbeusedeitherasfuelattheminesiteorsoldtootherusers.

Thethirdreasonforcoalbedmethanerecoveryanduseisthatitbenefitstheglobalandlocalenvironment.Methaneisamajorgreenhousegasandissecondinglobalimpactonlytocarbondioxide;methanethusisdetrimentaltotheenvironmentifventedtotheatmosphere.Althoughtheamountofcarbondioxideaccumulatingintheatmosphereeachyearisordersofmagnitudelargerthanthatofmethane,eachadditionalgramofmethanereleasedtotheatmosphereisasmuchas22timesmoreeffectiveinpotentiallywarmingtheEarth’ssurfaceovera100-yearperiodthaneachadditionalgramofcarbondioxide（USEPA,1994a）.Comparedwithothergreenhousegases,methanehasarelativelyshortatmosphericlifetime.Thelifetimeofmethane（definedasitsatmosphericcontentdividedbyitsrateofremoval）isapproximately10years.Duetoitsshortlifetime,stabilizingmethaneemissionscanhaveadramaticimpactondecreasingthebuildupofgreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.

Coalminemethanerecoveryanduserepresentacost-effectivemeansofsignificantlyreducingmethaneemissionsfromcoalmines.Methane,moreover,isaremarkablycleanfuel.Methanecombustionproducesnosulfurdioxideorparticulatesandonlyhalftheamountofcarbondioxidethatisassociatedwithcoalcombustiononanenergyequivalentbasis.

Becauseoftheenvironmentalimpactofcoalminemethaneemissions,theUSEPA,theInternationalEnergyAgency’sCoalAdvisoryBoard（CIAB）,andothershaveinvestigatedmethaneemissionsfromcoalminingworldwide.TheUSEPA（1994a）estimatesthatthecoalfuelcycle（whichincludescoalmining,post-miningcoaltransportationandhandling,andcoalcombustion）emits35to59×109m3ofmethanetotheatmosphereannually.Table1showsmethaneemissionsfromtheworld’stenlargestcoalproducers,whichareresponsiblefor90%ofglobalmethaneemissionsassociatedwiththecoalfuelcycle.Undergroundcoalminingistheprimarysourceoftheseemissions,accountingfor70to95%oftotalemissions.

Therearemanyopportunitiesfordecreasingcoalminemethaneemissionsbyincreasingrecoveryofthisabundantfuel.Section2examinesthestatusofmethanerecoveryanduseinkeycountriesworldwide.

2Coalminemethanerecoveryanduseinselectedcountries

2.1China

ThePeoplesRepublicofChina（China）producesabout1.2×109rawtonsofhardcoalannually（EIA,1996）.In1990,coalminingactivitiesinChinaemittedanestimated14to24×109m3（10to16×106ton）ofmethanetotheatmosphere,contributingone-thirdoftheworld’stotalfromthissource.NotonlyisChinathelargestcoalproducerintheworld;itisuniqueinthatundergroundminesproduceover95%ofthenation’scoal.BecauseofthegreatdepthandhighrankofChina’scoals,undergroundcoalmineshavehighermethaneemissionsthansurfacemines.

Therearecurrently108CoalMiningAdministrations（CMAs）inChina,whichmanagemorethan650mines.Thesestate-ownedminesareresponsibleformostofChina’smethaneemissions,buttherearenumerousgassylocal,township,andprivateminesthatcumulativelyproduceoverone-halfofChina’scoal.However,thesenon-statesownedminesarenotgassy（InternationalEnergyAgencyorIEA,1994）.

2.1.1MethanerecoveryanduseinChina

Chinahasalonghistoryofcoalminemethanedrainage,andthevolumeofmethanedrainedhasincreasedmarkedlyduringthepastdecade.Nationwide,coalminemethanedrainageatstate-runminesnearlydoubledin14years,increasingfrom294×106m3in1980tomorethan561×106m3in1994.However,thisisstilllessthan11%ofthetotalmethaneliberatedannually.Approximately131state-ownedminescurrentlyhavemethanedrainagesystems.Lessthanone-halfoftheseminesaresetuptodistributeanduserecoveredmethane.China’sstate-runcoalminingadministrationsuseabout70%ofthemethanetheydrain（USEPA,1996a）.

MostofthemethanerecoveredfromChineseminesisusedforheatingandcookingatminefacilitiesandnearbyresidences.Methaneisalsousedforindustrialpurposes,intheglassandplasticsindustries,andasafeedstockfortheproductionofcarbonblack（anamorphousformofcarbonusedinpigmentsandprinter’sink）.Methaneisalsobeingused,toalesserextent,forpowergeneration.In1990,theLaohutaiMineattheFushunCoalMiningAdministrationbuilta1200kWmethane-firedpowerstation,thefirstinChina.

SeveralbarrierscurrentlypreventChinafromdevelopingeconomicmethanerecoveryfromcoalminingtoitsfullpotential.Criticalbarriersincludethelackofanappropriatepolicyframework,limitedcapitalforprojectinvestmentsandequipment,theneedforadditionalinformationandexperiencewithtechnologiesandthelackofawidespreadpipelinenetwork.Artificiallyregulatedlowgaspricesanddifficultywithrepatriationofprofits,createbarrierstoforeigninvestmentinjointventuresforproductionofdomesticenergyresources（USEPA,1993）.

2.1.2ThefutureofmethanedevelopmentinChina

Recognizingtheneedforaunifiedeffortinadvancingcoalbedmethanedevelopment,China’shighestgoverningbody,theStateCouncil,establishedtheChinaUnitedCoalbedMethaneCompany（ChinaCBM）inMay1996.Asasingle,trans-sectoralagency,ChinaCBMisresponsiblefordevelopingthecoalbedmethaneindustrybycommercializingtheexploration,development,marketing,transportationandutilizationofcoalbedmethane.TheStateCouncilhasalsograntedChinaCBMexclusiverightstoundertaketheexploration,developmentandproductionofcoalbedmethaneincoopera-tionwithforeignpartners（ChinaEnergyReport,1996）.

Morethan20coalbedmethaneprojectsareunderwayorplannedinChina,andatleasthalfofthemaretakingplaceatactiveminingareas.Someoftheprojectsarestate-sponsored,whileothersinvolvejointventureswithforeigncompanies.ThefutureofthecoalbedmethaneindustryinChinaappearsbright.Thegovernmentrecognizescoalbedmethane’spotentialformeetingthenation’sburgeoningenergyneedsandisgenerallysupportiveofeffortst