管理会计英文版课后习题答案高等教育出版社chapter 3.docx

管理会计英文版课后习题答案高等教育出版社chapter 3.docx

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管理会计英文版课后习题答案高等教育出版社chapter3

管理会计（高等教育出版社）

于增彪（清华大学）改编

余绪缨（厦门大学）审校

CHAPTER3

Activitycostbehavior

questionsforwritinganddiscussion

1.Knowledgeofcostbehaviorallowsamanagertoassesschangesincoststhatresultfromchangesinactivity.Thisallowsamanagertoassesstheeffectsofchoicesthatchangeactivity.Forexample,ifexcesscapacityexists,bidsthatatleastcovervariablecostsmaybetotallyappropriate.Knowingwhatcostsarevariableandwhatcostsarefixedcanhelpamanagermakebetterbids.

2.Thelongerthetimeperiod,themorelikelythatacostwillbevariable.Theshortrunisaperiodoftimeforwhichatleastonecostisfixed.Inthelongrun,allcostsarevariable.

3.Resourcespendingisthecostofacquiringthecapacitytoperformanactivity,whereasresourceusageistheamountofactivityactuallyused.Itispossibletouselessoftheactivitythanwhatissupplied.Onlythecostoftheactivityactuallyusedshouldbeassignedtoproducts.

4.Flexibleresourcesarethoseacquiredfromoutsidesourcesanddonotinvolveanylong-termcommitmentforanygivenamountofresource.Thus,thecostoftheseresourcesincreasesasthedemandforthemincreases,andtheyarevariablecosts（varyinginproportiontotheassociatedactivitydriver）.

5.Committedresourcesareacquiredbytheuseofeitherexplicitorimplicitcontractstoobtainagivenquantityofresources,regardlessofwhetherthequantityofresourceavailableisfullyusedornot.Formultiperiodcommitments,thecostoftheseresourcesessentiallycorrespondstocommittedfixedcosts.Otherresourcesacquiredinadvanceareshortterminnatureandessentiallycorrespondtodiscretionaryfixedcosts.

6.Committedfixedcostsarethoseincurredfortheacquisitionoflong-termactivitycapacityandarenotsubjecttochangeintheshortrun.Annualresourceexpenditureisindependentofactualusage.Forexample,thecostofafactorybuildingisacommittedfixedcost.Discretionaryfixedcostsarethoseincurredfortheacquisitionofshort-termactivitycapacity,thelevelsofwhichcanbealteredquickly.Intheshortrun,resourceexpenditureisalsoindependentofactualactivityusage.Anengineer’ssalaryisanexampleofsuchanexpenditure.

7.Avariablecostincreasesindirectproportiontochangesinactivityusage.Aone-unitincreaseinactivityusageproducesanincreaseincost.Astepcost,however,increasesonlyasactivityusagechangesinsmallblocksorchunks.Anincreaseincostrequiresanincreaseinseveralunitsofactivity.Whenastepcostchangesoverrelativelynarrowrangesofactivity,itmaybemoreconvenienttotreatitasavariablecost.

8.Astepcostwithnarrowstepscanbetreatedasvariable,whileonewithwidestepsistypicallytreatedasfixed.

9.Anactivityrateistheresourceexpenditureforanactivitydividedbytheactivity’spracticalcapacity.

10.Mixedcostsareusuallyreportedintotalintheaccountingrecords.Howmuchofthecostisfixedandhowmuchisvariableisunknownandmustbeestimated.

11.Ascattergraphallowsavisualportrayaloftherelationshipbetweencostandactivity.Itrevealstotheinvestigatorwhetherarelationshipmayexistand,ifso,whetheralinearfunctioncanbeusedtoapproximatetherelationship.

12.Managerscanusetheirknowledgeofcostrelationshipstoestimatefixedandvariablecomponents.Ascattergraphcanbeusedasanaidinthisprocess.Fromascattergraph,amanagercanselecttwopointsthatbestrepresenttherelationship.Thesetwopointscanthenbeusedtoderivealinearcostformula.Thehigh-lowmethodtellsthemanagerwhichtwopointstoselecttocomputethelinearcostformula.Theselectionofthesetwopointsisnotlefttojudgment.

13.Becausethescatterplotmethodisnotrestrictedtothehighandlowpoints,itispossibletoselecttwopointsthatbetterrepresenttherelationshipbetweenactivityandcosts,producingabetterestimateoffixedandvariablecosts.Themainadvantageofthehigh-lowmethodisthatitremovessubjectivityfromthechoiceprocess.Thesamelinewillbeproducedbytwodifferentpeople.

14.Assumingthatthescattergraphrevealsthatalinearcostfunctionissuitable,thenthemethodofleastsquaresselectsalinethatbestfitsthedatapoints.Themethodalsoprovidesameasureofgoodnessoffitsothatthestrengthoftherelationshipbetweencostandactivitycanbeassessed.

15.Thebest-fittinglineistheonethatis“closest”tothedatapoints.Thisisusuallymeasuredbythelinethathasthesmallestsumofsquareddeviations.

16.No.Thebest-fittinglinemaynotexplainmuchofthetotalcostvariability.Theremustbeastrongrelationshipaswell.

17.Thecoefficientofdeterminationisthepercentageoftotalvariabilityincostsexplained

bytheactivity.Assuch,itisameasureofthegoodnessoffit,thestrengthoftherelationshipbetweencostandactivity.

18.Thecorrelationcoefficientisthesquarerootofthecoefficientofdetermination.Thecorrelationcoefficientrevealsthedirectionoftherelationshipinadditiontothestrengthoftherelationship.

19.Ifthevariationincostisnotwellexplainedbyactivityusage（thecoefficientofdeterminationislow）asmeasuredbyasingledriver,thenotherexplanatoryvariablesmaybeneededtobuildagoodcostformula.

20.Ifthemixedcostsareimmaterial,thenthemethodofdecompositionisunimportant.Furthermore,sometimesmanagerialjudgmentmaybemoreusefulforassigningcoststhantheuseofformalstatisticalmethodology.

Exercises

3–1

1.NumberofUnitsTotalCostCostperUnit

0$240,000NA

100,000240,000$2.40

200,000240,0001.20

300,000240,0000.80

400,000240,0000.60

500,000240,0000.48

2.Thisdepreciationcostisstrictlyfixed.

3–2

1.MilesTraveledTotalCostCostperMile

0$0$0.00

5,0006,5001.30*

10,00013,0001.30

15,00019,5001.30

20,00026,0001.30

25,00032,5001.30

*$5,200/4,000or$26,000/20,000=$1.30

2.Thecostoffuelforthedeliveryactivityisstrictlyvariable.

3–3

1.NumberofUnitsTotalCostCostperUnit

0$10,000NA

10,00010,000$1.00

20,00010,0000.50

30,00020,0000.67

40,00020,0000.50

50,00030,0000.60

2.Formingmachinesrentalcostisastepcost.

3–4

ResourceFlexible/CommittedCostBehavior

JetrentalCommittedFixed

HotelroomsCommittedFixed

BuffetFlexibleVariable

FavorpackageFlexibleVariable

BusesCommittedStep

3–5

1.ResourceTotalCostUnitCost

Plastic1$10,800$0.027

Directlaborand

variableoverhead28,0000.020

Moldsets320,0000.050

Otherfacilitycosts410,0000.025

Total$48,800$0.122

10.90´$0.03´400,000=$10,800;$10,800/400,000=$0.027

2$0.02´400,000=$8,000;$8,000/400,000=$0.02

3$5,000´4quarters=$20,000;$20,000/400,000=$0.05

4$10,000;$10,000/400,000=$0.025

2.Plastic,directlabor,andvariableoverheadareflexibleresources;moldsandotherfacilitycostsarecommittedresources.Thecostofplastic,directlabor,andvariableoverheadarestrictlyvariable.Thecostofthemoldsisfixedfortheparticularactionfigurebeingproduced;itisastepcostfortheproductionofactionfiguresingeneral.Otherfacilitycostsarestrictlyfixed.

3–6

1.X-rayfilmanddevelopingsuppliesarelikelytovarywiththenumberofpacemakersproduced.Asproductionincreases,wewouldexpectmorefilmanddevelopingsuppliestobeused.InspectorsandX-raymachinesshouldremainconstantwithintherelevantrange.

2.Totalcost=$310,000+（$1.60´100,000）=$470,000

Totalfixedcost=$310,000

Totalvariablecost=$1.60´100,000=$160,000

3.Unitcost=$470,000/100,000=$4.70perpacemaker

4.Unitfixedcost=$310,000/100,000=$3.10perpacemaker

5.Unitvariablecost=$1.60perpacemaker

6.a.$438,000/80,000=$5.48;$310,000/80,000=$3.88;$1.60

b.$502,000/120,000=$4.18;$310,000/120,000=$2.58;$1.60

Theunitcostincreasesinthefirstcaseanddecreasesinthesecondcase.Thisisattributabletospreadingfixedcostsoverfewerunitsofactivityoutputinthefirstcaseandovermoreunitsinthesecondcase.Theunitvariablecoststaysconstant.

3–7

1.Committedresources:

trucksandtechnicians’salaries

Flexibleresources:

supplies,smalltools,andfuel

2.Variableactivityrate=$840,000/70,000=$12percall

Fixedactivityrate=$1,200,000*/80,000=$15percall

Totalcostofonecall=$12+$15=$27percall

*（$26,250´40）+（$6,000´25）

3.Activityavailability=Activityusage+Unusedcapacity

Callsavailable=Callsmade+Unmadecalls

80,000calls=70,000calls+10,000calls

4.TotalcostofCostofCostof

committedresources=activityused+unusedcapacity

$1,200,000=（$15´70,000）+（$15´10,000）

$1,200,000=$1,050,000+$150,000

Note:

Theanalysisisrestrictedtocommittedresources,sinceonlytheseresourceswilleverhaveanyunusedcapacity.

3–8

1.Committedresourcecharges:

monthlyfee,activationfee,cancellationfee（iftriggeredbycontractcancellationpriortooneyear）

Flexibleresourcecharges:

alladditionalchargesforairtime,longdistanceandroaming

2.Plan1:

Minutesavailable=Minutesused+Unusedminutes

60minutes=45minutes+15minutes

Plan2:

Minutesavailable=Minutesused+Unusedminutes

120minutes=45minutes+75minutes

Plan1ismorecosteffective.Janawillhavesomeunusedcapacity（onaverage,15minutesamonth）,andtheoverallcostwillbelowerby$10permonth.

3.Plan1*:

Minutesavailable=Minutesused+Unusedminutes

60minutes=90minutes+（-30）minutes

Plan1*:

Minutesavailable=Minutes