Bill of Lading 海运提单.docx

Bill of Lading 海运提单.docx

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BillofLading海运提单

BillofLading海运提单

Abillofladingisareceiptforgoodsshippedonboardavessel,signedbytheperson（orhisagent）whocontractstocarrythem,andstatingtheconditionsinwhichthegoodsweredeliveredto（andreceivedby）theship.Itisnottheactualcontract,butformsexcellentevidenceofthetermsofthecontract.Itisadocumentoftitletothegoods,enablingtheshipperorownerofthegoodstoendorsetitletootherparties,sellgoodsintransit,andpresenttobankswithotherdocumentsinseekingpaymentunderdocumentarycredits.AbbreviatedgenerallyasB/L,itisthemostimportantdocumentforseatransport.

Therearedifferenttypesofbilloflading:

（1）Shipped（OnBoard）B/LandreceivedforshipmentB/L

已装船提单和备运提单

·ShippedB/Lisissuedbytheshippingcompanyafterthegoodsareactuallyshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.Sinceshippedbillofladingprovidesbetterguaranteefortheconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination,theimporterwillnormallyrequiretheexportertoproduceshippedB/Landmostbillofladingformsarepreprintedas“ShippedBill”.

·ReceivedforShipmentB/Lariseswheretheword“shipped”doesnotappearonthebilloflading.Itmerelyconfirmsthatthegoodshavebeenhandedoverto,andareinthecustodyoftheshipowner.ThebuyerunderaCIFcontractwillnotacceptsuchaB/Lbecause,intheabsenceofthedateofshipment,heisinnopositiontoanticipatethearrivaloftheconsignment.

（2）CleanB/LanduncleanB/L

清洁提单和不清洁提单

·Acleanbillofladingistheonethatstatesthatthegoodshavebeen“shippedinapparentgoodorderandcondition”.Itisissuedwhenthegoodsdonotshowanydefectsontheirexteriorsatthetimeofloadingattheportofshipment.Thistypeisfavoredbythebuyerandthebanksforfinancialsettlementpurposes.

·Ifdefectsarefoundontheexteriorsofthegoods,ortheshippingcompanydoesnotagreetoanyofthestatementsintheB/L,thebillwillbemarkedas“unclean”,“foul”or“…packagesindamagedcondition”.UncleanB/Lisusuallyunacceptabletothebuyerandbanks.

（3）Straight,blankandorderB/L

记名、不记名和指示提单

·Straightbillofladinghasadesignatedconsignee.Underthisbill,onlythenamedconsigneeatthedestinationisentitledtotakedeliveryofthecargo.Asitisnottransferable,itisnotcommonlyusedininternationaltradeandnormallyappliestohigh-valueshipmentsorgoodsforspecialpurposes.

·BlankB/LalsocalledOpenB/LorBearerB/L,meansthatthereisnodefiniteconsigneeofthegoods.Thereusuallyappearintheboxofconsigneewordslike“Tobearer”.Anyonewhoholdsthebillisentitledtothegoodsthebillrepresents.Noendorsementisneededforthetransferoftheblankbill.Duetotheexceedinglyhighriskinvolved,thisbillisrarelyused.

·OrderB/Liswidelyusedininternationaltrade.Itmeansthatthegoodsareconsignedordestinedtotheorderofanamedperson.Intheboxofconsignee,“Toorder”,“Toorderoftheshipper”,or“Toorderoftheconsignee”ismarked.Itcanbetransferredonlyafterendorsementismade.IftheB/Lismadeout“Toorderoftheshipper”,theshipperwillendorsethebill.Ifitismadeout“Toorderoftheconsignee”,theconsigneewillendorsethebilltotransferit.Ablankendorsementisusuallyrequiredfora“Toorder”bill.

（4）Direct,transshipment,throughbilloflading

直运、转船和联运提单

·TranshipmentB/Lmeansthatthegoodsneedtobetransshippedatanintermediateportasthereisnodirectservicebetweentheshipmentportandthedestinationport.

·Itissometimesnecessarytoemploytwoormorecarrierstogetthegoodstotheirfinaldestination.Inthiscase,usuallythefirstcarrierwillsignandissueathroughbilloflading.Theon-carriagemaybeeitherbyasecondvesselorbyadifferentformoftransport.

（5）LinerB/L,containerB/LandcombinedtransportB/L

班轮、集装箱和多式联运提单

·Linerbillofladingisissuedbyalinercompanyforshipmentonscheduledportcallsthroughscheduledroutes.

·ContainerB/Lisbecomingmorecommoninusewiththedevelopmentofcontainerization.Itcoversthegoodsfromporttoportorfrominlandpointofdeparturetoinlandpointofdestination.

·CombinedtransportB/Lisissuedbycombinedtransportoperatorthatcoversthemulti-modaltransportonadoor-to-doorbasisinonecontractofcarriage.Itisidealforcontainermovements.Itdiffersfrom“throughB/L”inthatcombinedtransportisoperatedbyonlyonecarrier.

（6）LongformB/LandshortformB/L

全式提单和简式提单

·LongformB/Lismoredetailedwithshippingcontractclauseprintedonthebackofthepage.

·ShortformB/L,asthenameimplies,isanabbreviatedtypeofdocument,smallerandnotcontainingthelonglistofdetailedclausesthatgenerallyappearonbillsoflading.Incertaincircumstancesitmaynot,therefore,beconsideredasuitableformofevidenceofcontractoraffreightment.

（7）OnDeckB/L,staleB/L,ante-datedB/LandadvancedB/L

舱面提单、过期提单、倒签提单和预签提单

·OnDeckB/Lisissuedwhenthecargoisloadedontheship’sdeck.Itappliestogoodslikelivestock,plants,dangerouscargo,orawkwardly-shapedgoodsthatcannotfitintotheship’sholds.Inthiscase,thegoodsareexposedtogreaterrisksandthereforeusuallyspecificinsurancemustbetakenoutagainstadditionalrisks.

·ItisimportantthattheBillofLadingisavailableattheportofdestinationbeforethegoodsarriveor,failingthis,atthesametime.Billspresentedtotheconsigneeorbuyerorhisbankafterthegoodsaredueattheportofdestinationaredescribedas“StaleBs/L”.AsacargocannotbecollectedbythebuyerwithouttheBillofLading,thelatearrivalofthisall-importantdocumentmayhaveundesirableconsequencessuchaswarehouserent,etc.andthereforeshouldbeavoided.Sometimesespeciallyinthecaseofshortseavoyages,itisnecessarytoaddaclauseof“StaleB/Lisacceptable”.

·Ante-datedB/LmeanswhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshipper’srequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoastoavoidnon-acceptancebythebank.Duetotheriskofthegoodsbeingrejectedbythebuyerarisingfromtheissuanceofsuchabill,itisadvisabletoavoidthismalpracticeevenwhenitseemsnecessaryincertaincircumstances.

·AdvancedB/LisissuedwhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheexporterhasn’tyetgotthegoodsreadyforshipment.ThepurposeofissuingsuchabillistonegotiatepaymentwiththebankintimewithinthevalidityoftheL/C.itisalsoregardedasunlawfulandriskyandshouldbeavoided.

StilltherearesomeothertypesofB/LsuchasGroupageB/Lwhichcoversanumberofconsignmentsfromdifferentshippers,andHouseB/Lissuedbyafreightforwardertoeachindividualshipper,andsoon.HouseB/LisissuedBythefreightforwarderbeforehegetsonegroupageB/Lfromtheshipowner.

Alltheabovementionedbillsarenotindependentofeachother.Severaltypesmaybecombinedintoonelike“Cleanonboard,toorder,blankendorsedB/L”.Areceivedforshipmentbillmayalsobeastraightandcleanbill.Billsofladingaremadeoutinsets,consistingofanumberoforiginals（usuallythree）andanumberofcopiesandmarked”and“copy”respectively.Onlytheoriginalssignedbythecarrierenabletheconsigneetotakedeliveryofthegoods.Thecopiesarejustforreference.

TypesofRisks,LossesandExpensesCovered

（1）Twotypesofrisksarecoveredbyoceanmarineinsurance:

Oneistheperilsofthesea,includingbothnaturalcalamitiesandunexpectedaccidents.Naturalcalamitiesincludeheavyweather,lightening,Tsunami,earthquake,volcaniceruptionandsoon.Accidentsrefertofire,explosion,vesselbeingstranded,grounded,sunkorcapsized,collisionorcontactofvesselwithanyexternalobjectotherthanwater,etc.

Theothertypeofrisksisexternal（extraneous）risksincludinggeneralexternalrisksandspecialexternalrisks.Generalexternalrisksincludetheftandpilferage,contamination,leakage,breakage,sweatingand/orheating,taintofodor,rusting,hookdamage,freshand/orrainwaterdamage,short-deliveryandnon-delivery,shortageinweight,clashingandsoon.Specialrisksincludewar,strike,failuretodeliverduetosomespeciallawsorregulations.

（2）Twotypesoflossesarecoveredbymarinecargoinsurance.Oneistotallossandtheotherpartialloss.

Totallossisdividedintoactualtotallossandconstructivetotalloss.Actualtotallossmeansthecompletelossoftheinsuredcargoinvalue.Aconstructivetotallossoccurswhenthecostofsalvagingtheshipmentwouldbemorethanthesalvagedvalueofthemerchandise.Theshipmentinsuredisreasonablyabandonedasanyfurthereffortsatsalvagewouldbefruitless.Mostinsurancepoliciesprovideforthepaymentofatotallossuptotheinsuredamount.

Partiallossmeansthelossofpartoftheinsuredcargo.Itcanbedividedintogeneralaverageandparticularaverage:

Generalaverageisbaseduponarelationshipbetweentheshipownerandalltheshipperswhohavecargoaboardthesamevesselonaparticularvoyage.Allthesepartiesareboundtogetherinthe“adventure”.Sometimes,whenthewholeshipwasthreatenedbyaperiloftheseaorsomeotherhazard,inordertosaveheshipandsomeofthecargoorvesselhavetobesacrificed,thenanactofgeneralaveragewouldbedeclared.Accordingtomaritimelaw,thoseinterestswhosepropertywassavedmustcontributeproportionallytocoverthelossesoftheonewhosepropertywasvoluntarilysacrificed.

·Particularaveragemeansapartiallosssufferedbypartofthecargo.Itoccurswhenastormorfiredamagespar