博士英语考试阅读30篇.docx

博士英语考试阅读30篇.docx

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博士英语考试阅读30篇

Unit1-Reading

Drunken-drivingsometimescalledAmerica'ssociallyacceptedformofmurder--hasbecomeanationalepidemic.EveryhourofeverydayaboutthreeAmericansonaveragearekilledbydninkendrivers,addinguptoanincredible250.000overthepastdecade.

Adrunkendriverisusuallydefinedasonewitha0.10bloodalcoholcontcntorroughlythreebeers,glassesofwineorshotsofwhiskydrunkwithintwohours.HeavydrinkingusedtobeanacceptablepartoftheAmericanmachoimageandjudgeswerelenientinmostcourts,butthedrunkenslaughterhasrecentlycausedsomanywcll-publicizcdtragedies,especiallyinvolvingyoungchildren,thatpublicopinionisnolongersotolerant.

Twentystateshaveraisedthelegaldrinkingageto21,reversingatrendinthe1960storeduceitto18.AfterNewJerseylowereditto18,thenumberofpeoplekilledby18-20-year-olddriversmorethandoubled,sothestaterecentlyuppeditbackto21.

Reformers,however,fearraisingthedrinkingagewillhavelittleeffectunlessaccompaniedbyeducationalprogrammestohelpyoungpeopletodevelop°responsibleattitudes11aboutdrinkingandteachthemtoresistpeerpressuretodrink.

Toughnewlawshaveledtoincreasedarrestsandtestsandinmanyareasalready,toamarkeddeclineinfatalities.Somestatesarcalsopenalizingbarsforservingcustomerstoomanydrinks.AtaverninMassachusettswasfinedforservingsixormoredoublebrandiestoacustomerwhowas*obviouslyintoxicated1*andlaterdroveofftheroad,killinganine-year-oldboy.

Asthefatalitiescontinuetooccurdailyineverystate,someAmericansareevenbeginningtospeakwellofthe13yearsnationalprohibitionofalcoholthatbeganin1919,whichPresidentHoovercalledtheHnoblcexperiment*1.Theyforgetthatlegalprohibitiondidn'tstopdrinking,butencouragedpoliticalcorruptionandorganizedcrime.Aswiththeboomingdrugtradegenerally,thereisnoeasysolution.

3.StatisticsissuedinNewJerseysuggestedthat.

A）manydriverswerenotoflegalageB）youngdriverswereoftenbaddriversC）thelevelofdrinkingincreasedinthe1960sD）thelegaldrinkingageshouldberaised

Answer：

D

4.Lawsrecentlyintroducedinsomestateshave.

A）reducedthenumberofconvictionsB）resultedinfewerseriousaccidentsC）preventedbarsfromsen-ingdrunkencustomersD）specifiedtheamountdriverscandrink

Answer：

B

5.Whyistheproblemofdrinkinganddrivingdifficulttosolve?

A）Alcoholiseasilyobtained.

B）Drinkingislinkedtoorganizedcrime.

C）Legalprohibitionhasalreadyfailed.

D）Legislationaloneisnotsufficient.

Answer：

D

Unit2

LosAngeles-BillJoyisnotaLuddite.Heisnotafraidofnewtechnology.AsfounderandchiefscientistoftheSiliconValleyCompany,hehasbeenonthevanguardofthehighttechrevolutionfor20years.ButrecentlyJoytookaglimpseintothefutureanditscaredhimtodeath.Whathesawwasaworldinwhichhumanshavebeeneffectivelysupplantedbymachines;aworldinwhichsuperpowerfulcomputerswithatleastsomeattributesofhumanintelligencemanagetoreplicatethemselvesanddeveloptheirownautonomyandpeoplebecomesuperfluousandriskbecomingextinct.

，zItmightbearguedthatthehumanracewouldneverbefoolishenoughtohandoverallthepowertothemachines.Butwhatwedosuggestisthatthehumanracemighteasilypermititselftodriftintoapositionofsuchdependenceonthemachinesthatitwouldhavenopracticalchoicebutacceptallofthemachines'decisions.Associetyandtheproblemsthatfaceitbecomemoreandmorecomplexandmachinesbecomemoreandmoreintelligent,peoplewillletmachinesmakemoreoftheirdecisionsforthem.Eventuallyastagemaybereachedatwhichthedecisionsnecessarytokeepthesystemrunningwillbesocomplexthathumanwillbeincapableofmakingthemintellifently.Atthatstagethemachineswillbeineffectivecontrol.Peoplewon'tbeabletojustturnthemachinesoff,becausetheywillbesodependentonthemthatturningthemwouldamounttosuicide.

Previously,Joyhaddismissedsuchscenariosassci-fifantasy,butthenhelistenedtofriendswhowereexpertsinroboticsandrealizedthatthisbravenewworldwasmuchcloserthananyofusmightimagine-ascloseas30yearsaway.ThefurtherthatJoydugintothecuttingedgeofresearchinthenewtechnologies-robotics,geneticengineeringandNantechnology-themorehorrifiedhebecame.Notonlydidheseescenariosinwhichrobotswouldliketotakeonalifeoftheirownandexterminatethehumanrace,butalsohebegantoseewaysinwhichotherstaplesofsci-fihorrormightcometopass.Specifically,robots,engineeredorganism,andNanbotsshareadangerousamplifyingfactor:

theycanself-replicate.Abombisblownonlyonce-butonerobotcanbecomemany,andquicklygetoutofcontrol.

thinkitisnoexaggerationtosayweareonthecuspofthefurtherperfectionofextremeevil,anevilwhosepossibilityspreadswellbeyondthatwhichweaponsofmassdestructionbequeathedtothenation-states,ontoasurprisingandterribleempowermentofextremeindividuals.Wearebeingpropelledintothisnewcenturywithnoplan,nocontrol,nobrakes.Joyconcludes."Havewealreadygonetoofardownthepathtoaltercourse?

Idon'tbelieveso,butwearen，ttryingyet,andthelastchancetoassertcontrol-thefail-safepoint-israpidlyapproaching.

1.Accordingtothepassage,theword'Luddite”（inparagraph1,line1）means?

\17ABC

thenameofaplacewherescienceisunderdeveloped.

thenameofacountry.

thenameofanorganizationwhichaimstoadvocatedevelopingthenewtechnology.

D）thenameofapartywhichprotestatdevelopingscience.

Answer：

D

2.Fromthepassage,weknowthatitisthatscaredBillJoytodeath?

A）robotshavebeenpracticallyrunningtheworld.

B）humansareactuallyatthemercyofthemachines.

C）humansarefacingafatalsituationthatthemachinesareoutofcontrolgraduallyandthemachineswilloverwhelmthewholeworld.

D）humanswillbeexiledfromtheearthbythemachinesandtheyhavetoexploreanotherfixedstar.

Answer：

C

3.Whatdoesthesentencedon'tbelieveso,butwearen,ttryingyet...，z（inthelastparagraph,line5）indicate?

A）Itishightimeforustogiveanendtothenewtechnologies.

B）WeshouldceasetoexploretheperilousNantechnology.

C）Humanshavetodevotethemselvestosavethewholeworldbycontainingandwreckingthemachines.

D）Itisrighttimeforhumanstodominatethehighdevelopingtechnologyeffectivelyandhandleitskillfully.

Answer：

D

4.BillJoyrealizedthesituationthat.

A）thedaywhentheworldcontrolledbythemachinesisjustroundthecorner

B）thehumanworldisontheedgeofanexceedingdanger

C）themachinesinthefuturewillbeasperilousasthemassdestruction

D）humansarenowontheirwit'send

Answer：

B

5.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheauthor'sattitudetowardsthefuturerelationshipbetweenhumansandmachines?

A）Optimistic.

B）Pessimistic.

C）Confident.

D）Indifferent.

Answer：

B

Unit3

Thestudyofphilosophiesshouldmakeourownideasflexible.Weareallofusapttotakecertaingeneralideasforgranted,andcallthemcommonsense.Weshouldlearnthatotherpeoplehaveheldquitedifferentideas,andthatourownhavestartedasveryoriginalguessesofphilosophers.

Ascientistisapttothinkthatalltheproblemsofphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscience.Ithinkthisistrueforagreatmanyofthequestionsonwhichphilosophersstillargue.Forexample,Platothoughtthatwhenwesawsomething,onerayoflightcametoitfromthesun,andanotherfromoureyesandthatseeingwassomethinglikefeelingwithastick.Wenowknowthatthelightcomesfromthesun.andisreflectedintooureyes.Wedon'tknowinmuchdetailhowthechangesinoureyesgiverisetosensation.Butthereiseveryreasontothinkthataswelearnmoreaboutthephysiologyofthebrain,weshalldoso,andthatthegreatphilosophicalproblemsaboutknowledgearegoingtobeprettyfullyclearedup.

Butifourdescendantsknowtheanswerstothesequestionsandothersthatperplexustoday,therewillstillbeonefieldofwhichtheydonotknow,namelythefuture.Howeverexactourscience,wecannotknowitasweknowthepast.Philosophymaybedescribedasargumentaboutthingsofwhichweareignorant.Andwheresciencegivesusahopeofknowledgeitisoftenreasonabletosuspendjudgment.ThatisonereasonwhyMarxandEngelsquiterightlywrotetomanyphilosophicalproblemsthatinterestedtheircontemporaries.

Butwehavegottoprepareforthefuture.andwecannotdosorationallywithoutsomephilosophy.Somepeoplesaywehaveonlygottodothedutiesrevealedinthepastandlaiddownbyreligion,andgodwilllookafterthefuture.Othersaythattheworldisamachineandthecourseoffutureeventsiscertain,whatevereffortswemaymake,Marxistssaythatthefuturedependsonourselves,eventhoughwearepartofthehistoricalprocess.Thisphilosophicalviewcertainlydoesinspirepeopletoverygreatachiements.Whetheritistnieornot,itispowerfulguidetoaction.

Weneedaphilosophy,then,tohelpustotacklethefuture.Agnosticismeasilybecomesanexcuseforlazinessandconservation.WhetherweadoptMarxismoranyotherphilosophy,wecannotunderstanditwithoutknowingsomethingofhowitdeveloped.ThatiswhyknowledgeofthehistoryofphilosophyisimportanttoMarxism,evenduringthepresentcriticaldays.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthispassage?

A）Themainideaofthispassageistheargumentwhetherphilosophywillultimatelybesolvedbyscienceornot.

B）Theimportanceoflearningphi