快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译.docx
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快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译
快递服务业概述
AnOverviewofExpressDeliveryServices
MaterialSource:
AReportByUS-ASEANBusinessCouncil,2005
Author:
JamesI.CampbellJr.
A.CharacteristicsofanExpressDeliveryCompany
Fourmajorintegrators:
UPS,FedEx,TNT,andDHL,accountforalmost85percentoftheworld’sexpressshipments.Theservicesthatthesecompaniesprovidegenerallysharethefollowingcharacteristicswhichdifferentiatethemfromothertraditionalformsofdeliveryservices:
Door-to-doordelivery:
thisincludestheseamlesstransferacrossmultiplemodes
oftransport.the“integrated”aspectoftheserviceofferedfreesthecustomerfromtheneedtomakecomplextransportationarrangementsforpick-upanddelivery.
Closecustodialcontrol:
Usingsophisticatedinformationsystemsthatenhancesecurity,EDSfirmsmaintainclosecustodialandadministrativecontroloverallshipments.Thisisparticularlyimportanttoreducetheriskoflossordamagetogoodsintransit.
Trackandtracetechnology:
Shippersandconsigneesmaytracktheprecisemovementandlocationoftheirshipmentsandconfirmdeliverywiththeuseofsophisticated‘trackandtrace’technologythatanEDSfirmprovides.
Facilitationofcustomsclearance:
EDSfirmsassistwithcustomsclearancesothatcustomersdonothavetonavigatebureaucraticcustomsregimesandtherequiredpaperwork.
Highlevelofreliability:
EDSfirmspromisethatpackageswillarriveattherequireddestination,ontime,thisisparticularlyimportantforshipmentsofhigh-techcomponentsdueforproductionlines,aswellasessentialfinancialdocuments.
Globalservice:
themajorEDSfirmsoffertheircustomersdeliverytomarketandcitiesworldwidethroughanintricatenetworkofairhubsandstations.EDSisanetworkbusiness.
Speedofdelivery:
Mostimportantly,OvernightandSecond-dayexpressservicesreduceoverallinventoryandwarehousingneeds,andimizesupplychainefficiency.theaverageshippingtimeformtheU.S.toSoutheastAsiaisabout2-3workingdaysdoor-to-door.Together,thesecharacteristicsbringbusinessestimely,secure,andguaranteedworldwidedeliveryofdocuments,products,components,andsparepartstoassistwithefficientsupplychainmanagement.
B.BenefitstoBusinesses
Aircargorepresents40percentofthevalueofglobaltrade.ThebulkofthisishandlebyEDSfirms.ServicingtheneedsofbothmultinationalcorporationsandtheemergentsmallandmediumenterpriseSMEsectorintheirmanufacturing,import,andexportactivities,thisindustryhasbeenanimportantengineforeconomicgrowth.SectorswhichheavilyrelyonEDStoremaincompetitiveareknowledge-basedandtechnologicallyadvanced,includingthatofpharmaceuticalsandbiotechnology,informationtechnologyandtelecoms,textiles,automotive&transport,engineering,financialandbusinessservice,andtraditionalmanufacturing.
Toremaincompetitive,companiestodayfocusnotonlyonproductperformancebutalsofactorinhowwellcostscanbemanagedandreducedthroughdistributionandproduction,andhowquicklypartscanbebroughttogether,assembled,anddistributedtoglobalmarkets.EDSfirmshelpwiththesmoothorchestrationoftheseactivitiesandarethereforepartofthecriticalinfrastructureforefficientsupplychainmanagement.
ReducingInventoryandOtherIndirectCosts.
WiththesupportofEDS,companiesnolongerhavetomaintainlargeinventoriesandcanthereforecarryoutbetterconcentration,rationalization,andlocationofwarehouses.InastudyconductedbyGauschandKogan2001,companiesindevelopingcountrieswerefoundtohave2-5timesmoreinventoryholdingsinthemanufacturingsectorthancompaniesintheU.S.
Havingtheseinventoriescouldconsequentlyreduceunitproductioncostsby20percent.InatypicalAsianemergingmarket,logisticssupplychaincostsisashighas22-24percentoftotalproductioncostsformanufacturers.Inanotherstudy,itwasfoundthatforevery$1spentonexpresstransportation,companieswouldsave$1.50inwarehousingandinventorycost.Formanufacturers,takingadvantageoftheavailabilityofEDSallowsformoreefficientstockmanagementandproductiontechniquestobepracticed,includingtheabilitytorespondmorequicklytostockoutages,andproductioninterruptions.TheseindirectcostsarenotalwaysvisibleandoftenoverlookedbutarecriticaltoSMEsinemergingeconomies.Otherimmediatecostsavingscanalsoberealizedthroughgreaterflexibilityinsourcing.Theflexibilityallowscompaniestosourcefromawiderarrayofsuppliersandreducetheirinputcosts.
IntroducingFlexibilityintoBusinessStructure
EDSallowsformoreflexiblebusinesssolutions.RelyingonEDStobridgedistancesremovesthetraditionallyimportanttime-to-marketconsiderationandallowscompaniestomakestrategicdecisionsonwheretolocatetheirbusinessunitsbasedonfactorsofcompetition,proximitytosupportingindustries,andcomplementaryindustryhubs.
Thisisparticularlyrelevantforknowledge-basedindustriesinthebiomedicalandpharmaceuticalfield.InasurveyconductedofEuropeancompaniesinGermanyontheusageofEDS,80percentofsurveyrespondentsreportedtheimportanceofbeingbasedinlocationsproviding“imumparticipationinleadingresearchassociations.”Decentralizationofresearch&developmentunitstohubswheretheselaboratories,testingcenters,hospitals,patentregistrationoffices,andresearchthinktanksarelocatedallowsbusinesstobenefitfromanenvironmentofinnovationimportanttoproductdevelopment.Atthesametime,productdevelopmentunitsrelyonEDStoshipsamplestomarketsforclinicaltrials,deliverhighlyclassifiedandproprietarylegaldocumentsandpatentapplications,shipurgentlyneededdrugstohospitals,andmaintain“just-in-time”stock-managementpracticesforitslaboratories.
C.EconomicBenefits
Inmanypartsoftheworld,theEDSsectorhasbeenacatalysttotradeandinvestmentgrowth,generatingprofoundmultipliereffectsforthewidereconomy.ForASEANcountrieslookingtoextendtheirreachtoglobalmarkets,networksthatEDSfirmsbuildarecritical.Thesenetworksrendersupplychainsmoreefficientandcontributegreatlytoexportgrowth,stimulateforeigndirectinvestment,andfosterregionaldevelopmentandSMEgrowth.
FacilitatingExportGrowth
InASEAN,intra-regionaltradeaccountsforabout20percentofoveralltrade.Thisisconsiderablylessthaninmostregions.Themainreasonsforthelimitedintra-regionaltradearethe“patternoflogisticscostsandinstitutionalbarrierstoland-basedtrade.”Thisphenomenonmakescountriesoftheregioneffectivelyclosertoindustrialcountriesthantoeachother.TofullyrealizethebenefitstheASEANFreeTradeAgreementAFTA,bringinglaggingeconomiesandlandlockedcountriesintheregionuptomedianperformancelevelsiskey.
Thereisacausallinkbetweenconnectivityandoverallgrowthintrade,andanevenstrongercorrelationbetweentransportationandlogisticsinfrastructureandexportperformance.
Transportationandlogistics-relatedcostsinASEANcontinuetorepresentasubstantialpercentageoftheactualcostsofgoods.Acountrywithhighlogisticscostsisfar,inaneconomicsense,frominternationalmarkets.Inthestudy“TowardsaGeographyofTradeCosts”Hummel1999whichcomparedsalesbymanufacturersofsimilarproducts,exporterswith1percentlowershippingcostsenjoya5-8percenthighermarketshare.InanotherstudyconductedbytheMcKinseyGroup,annualGDPforoneAsiancountryisforecastedtoincreaseby1.5to2percentby2010iflogisticscostsarereducedby15to20percent.Thisisincontrasttoanongoing$10billioninfrastructureprojectwhichwouldonlygenerate0.7to1percentGDPgrowthoverthesameperiod.Indeed,injectingcompetitionintotheindustrytolowerlogisticscostscangiveasignificantcompetitiveedgetoproducersinanopeneconomy.Efficientinter-modaltransportation,includingtheuseofEDS,wouldresultinmoreefficientsupplychainmanagement.
Theseefficienciesundoubtedlyreplicategainsintheexportsector.AstudyconductedbytheEconomicStrategyInstituteconductedthatfurtherdevelopmentandliberalizationintheairexpressindustrycouldresultinpercentagesgainsforexportsperyearfrom2004-2008between0.386-0.562percentperyearforSingapore:
2.895-4.215percentperyearforMalaysia,Thailand,andthePhilippines;and3.86-5.62percentperyearforVietnamandIndonesia.
FacilitatingFDIandPromotingRegionalDevelopment
EDSfirmsplayacriticalroleininfluencingcompanydecisionsonhowmuchandwheretoinvest.
ThisisespeciallyapplicabletoremotemarketswhereEDSfirmsassistinovercomingproblemsofgeographyandweakertransportationinfrastructure.Fifty-eightpercentofparticipatingcompaniesinasurveyconductedforthereport“TheEconomicImpactofExpressCarriersinEurope”OxfordEconomicForecasting,2004considereasyaccesstomarkets,customersorclients,as“absolutelyessential”whendecidingwheretolocate.IntheEU,theimportanceofEDSiscompellingwithoutEDS,35percentofthoseinterviewedforastudyinPortugalsaidtheywouldhavetorelocate;15percentoftheUKand10percentoftheItaliancompaniessurveyedwouldconsiderrelocatingabroad;and30percentoftheFrenchcompaniesand10percentoftheBelgianfirmssurveyedwouldconsideroutsourcing.TheEDSindustrynowsupports530000directandindirectjobsintheEU.Theirpresencehasinjectedthemuchneededdownstreaminvestmentforcreatingjobsinthe10newEUmemberstates