快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译.docx

快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译.docx

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快递服务业概述外文文献原文及翻译

快递服务业概述

AnOverviewofExpressDeliveryServices

MaterialSource:

AReportByUS-ASEANBusinessCouncil,2005

Author:

JamesI.CampbellJr.

A．CharacteristicsofanExpressDeliveryCompany

Fourmajorintegrators:

UPS,FedEx,TNT,andDHL,accountforalmost85percentoftheworld’sexpressshipments.Theservicesthatthesecompaniesprovidegenerallysharethefollowingcharacteristicswhichdifferentiatethemfromothertraditionalformsofdeliveryservices:

Door-to-doordelivery:

thisincludestheseamlesstransferacrossmultiplemodes

oftransport.the“integrated”aspectoftheserviceofferedfreesthecustomerfromtheneedtomakecomplextransportationarrangementsforpick-upanddelivery.

Closecustodialcontrol:

Usingsophisticatedinformationsystemsthatenhancesecurity,EDSfirmsmaintainclosecustodialandadministrativecontroloverallshipments.Thisisparticularlyimportanttoreducetheriskoflossordamagetogoodsintransit.

Trackandtracetechnology:

Shippersandconsigneesmaytracktheprecisemovementandlocationoftheirshipmentsandconfirmdeliverywiththeuseofsophisticated‘trackandtrace’technologythatanEDSfirmprovides.

Facilitationofcustomsclearance:

EDSfirmsassistwithcustomsclearancesothatcustomersdonothavetonavigatebureaucraticcustomsregimesandtherequiredpaperwork.

Highlevelofreliability:

EDSfirmspromisethatpackageswillarriveattherequireddestination,ontime,thisisparticularlyimportantforshipmentsofhigh-techcomponentsdueforproductionlines,aswellasessentialfinancialdocuments.

Globalservice:

themajorEDSfirmsoffertheircustomersdeliverytomarketandcitiesworldwidethroughanintricatenetworkofairhubsandstations.EDSisanetworkbusiness.

Speedofdelivery:

Mostimportantly,OvernightandSecond-dayexpressservicesreduceoverallinventoryandwarehousingneeds,andimizesupplychainefficiency.theaverageshippingtimeformtheU.S.toSoutheastAsiaisabout2-3workingdaysdoor-to-door.Together,thesecharacteristicsbringbusinessestimely,secure,andguaranteedworldwidedeliveryofdocuments,products,components,andsparepartstoassistwithefficientsupplychainmanagement.

B.BenefitstoBusinesses

Aircargorepresents40percentofthevalueofglobaltrade.ThebulkofthisishandlebyEDSfirms.ServicingtheneedsofbothmultinationalcorporationsandtheemergentsmallandmediumenterpriseSMEsectorintheirmanufacturing,import,andexportactivities,thisindustryhasbeenanimportantengineforeconomicgrowth.SectorswhichheavilyrelyonEDStoremaincompetitiveareknowledge-basedandtechnologicallyadvanced,includingthatofpharmaceuticalsandbiotechnology,informationtechnologyandtelecoms,textiles,automotive&transport,engineering,financialandbusinessservice,andtraditionalmanufacturing.

Toremaincompetitive,companiestodayfocusnotonlyonproductperformancebutalsofactorinhowwellcostscanbemanagedandreducedthroughdistributionandproduction,andhowquicklypartscanbebroughttogether,assembled,anddistributedtoglobalmarkets.EDSfirmshelpwiththesmoothorchestrationoftheseactivitiesandarethereforepartofthecriticalinfrastructureforefficientsupplychainmanagement.

ReducingInventoryandOtherIndirectCosts.

WiththesupportofEDS,companiesnolongerhavetomaintainlargeinventoriesandcanthereforecarryoutbetterconcentration,rationalization,andlocationofwarehouses.InastudyconductedbyGauschandKogan2001,companiesindevelopingcountrieswerefoundtohave2-5timesmoreinventoryholdingsinthemanufacturingsectorthancompaniesintheU.S.

Havingtheseinventoriescouldconsequentlyreduceunitproductioncostsby20percent.InatypicalAsianemergingmarket,logisticssupplychaincostsisashighas22-24percentoftotalproductioncostsformanufacturers.Inanotherstudy,itwasfoundthatforevery$1spentonexpresstransportation,companieswouldsave$1.50inwarehousingandinventorycost.Formanufacturers,takingadvantageoftheavailabilityofEDSallowsformoreefficientstockmanagementandproductiontechniquestobepracticed,includingtheabilitytorespondmorequicklytostockoutages,andproductioninterruptions.TheseindirectcostsarenotalwaysvisibleandoftenoverlookedbutarecriticaltoSMEsinemergingeconomies.Otherimmediatecostsavingscanalsoberealizedthroughgreaterflexibilityinsourcing.Theflexibilityallowscompaniestosourcefromawiderarrayofsuppliersandreducetheirinputcosts.

IntroducingFlexibilityintoBusinessStructure

EDSallowsformoreflexiblebusinesssolutions.RelyingonEDStobridgedistancesremovesthetraditionallyimportanttime-to-marketconsiderationandallowscompaniestomakestrategicdecisionsonwheretolocatetheirbusinessunitsbasedonfactorsofcompetition,proximitytosupportingindustries,andcomplementaryindustryhubs.

Thisisparticularlyrelevantforknowledge-basedindustriesinthebiomedicalandpharmaceuticalfield.InasurveyconductedofEuropeancompaniesinGermanyontheusageofEDS,80percentofsurveyrespondentsreportedtheimportanceofbeingbasedinlocationsproviding“imumparticipationinleadingresearchassociations.”Decentralizationofresearch&developmentunitstohubswheretheselaboratories,testingcenters,hospitals,patentregistrationoffices,andresearchthinktanksarelocatedallowsbusinesstobenefitfromanenvironmentofinnovationimportanttoproductdevelopment.Atthesametime,productdevelopmentunitsrelyonEDStoshipsamplestomarketsforclinicaltrials,deliverhighlyclassifiedandproprietarylegaldocumentsandpatentapplications,shipurgentlyneededdrugstohospitals,andmaintain“just-in-time”stock-managementpracticesforitslaboratories.

C.EconomicBenefits

Inmanypartsoftheworld,theEDSsectorhasbeenacatalysttotradeandinvestmentgrowth,generatingprofoundmultipliereffectsforthewidereconomy.ForASEANcountrieslookingtoextendtheirreachtoglobalmarkets,networksthatEDSfirmsbuildarecritical.Thesenetworksrendersupplychainsmoreefficientandcontributegreatlytoexportgrowth,stimulateforeigndirectinvestment,andfosterregionaldevelopmentandSMEgrowth.

FacilitatingExportGrowth

InASEAN,intra-regionaltradeaccountsforabout20percentofoveralltrade.Thisisconsiderablylessthaninmostregions.Themainreasonsforthelimitedintra-regionaltradearethe“patternoflogisticscostsandinstitutionalbarrierstoland-basedtrade.”Thisphenomenonmakescountriesoftheregioneffectivelyclosertoindustrialcountriesthantoeachother.TofullyrealizethebenefitstheASEANFreeTradeAgreementAFTA,bringinglaggingeconomiesandlandlockedcountriesintheregionuptomedianperformancelevelsiskey.

Thereisacausallinkbetweenconnectivityandoverallgrowthintrade,andanevenstrongercorrelationbetweentransportationandlogisticsinfrastructureandexportperformance.

Transportationandlogistics-relatedcostsinASEANcontinuetorepresentasubstantialpercentageoftheactualcostsofgoods.Acountrywithhighlogisticscostsisfar,inaneconomicsense,frominternationalmarkets.Inthestudy“TowardsaGeographyofTradeCosts”Hummel1999whichcomparedsalesbymanufacturersofsimilarproducts,exporterswith1percentlowershippingcostsenjoya5-8percenthighermarketshare.InanotherstudyconductedbytheMcKinseyGroup,annualGDPforoneAsiancountryisforecastedtoincreaseby1.5to2percentby2010iflogisticscostsarereducedby15to20percent.Thisisincontrasttoanongoing$10billioninfrastructureprojectwhichwouldonlygenerate0.7to1percentGDPgrowthoverthesameperiod.Indeed,injectingcompetitionintotheindustrytolowerlogisticscostscangiveasignificantcompetitiveedgetoproducersinanopeneconomy.Efficientinter-modaltransportation,includingtheuseofEDS,wouldresultinmoreefficientsupplychainmanagement.

Theseefficienciesundoubtedlyreplicategainsintheexportsector.AstudyconductedbytheEconomicStrategyInstituteconductedthatfurtherdevelopmentandliberalizationintheairexpressindustrycouldresultinpercentagesgainsforexportsperyearfrom2004-2008between0.386-0.562percentperyearforSingapore:

2.895-4.215percentperyearforMalaysia,Thailand,andthePhilippines；and3.86-5.62percentperyearforVietnamandIndonesia.

FacilitatingFDIandPromotingRegionalDevelopment

EDSfirmsplayacriticalroleininfluencingcompanydecisionsonhowmuchandwheretoinvest.

ThisisespeciallyapplicabletoremotemarketswhereEDSfirmsassistinovercomingproblemsofgeographyandweakertransportationinfrastructure.Fifty-eightpercentofparticipatingcompaniesinasurveyconductedforthereport“TheEconomicImpactofExpressCarriersinEurope”OxfordEconomicForecasting,2004considereasyaccesstomarkets,customersorclients,as“absolutelyessential”whendecidingwheretolocate.IntheEU,theimportanceofEDSiscompellingwithoutEDS,35percentofthoseinterviewedforastudyinPortugalsaidtheywouldhavetorelocate;15percentoftheUKand10percentoftheItaliancompaniessurveyedwouldconsiderrelocatingabroad;and30percentoftheFrenchcompaniesand10percentoftheBelgianfirmssurveyedwouldconsideroutsourcing.TheEDSindustrynowsupports530000directandindirectjobsintheEU.Theirpresencehasinjectedthemuchneededdownstreaminvestmentforcreatingjobsinthe10newEUmemberstates